特提斯喜马拉雅-印度地体初始裂解:来自藏南地区晚白垩世OIB型玄武岩的证据

黄勇; 梁维; 张林奎; 李光明; 黄春梅; 夏祥标; 董随亮; 吴建阳

doi:10.3799/dqkx.2017.573

特提斯喜马拉雅-印度地体初始裂解:来自藏南地区晚白垩世OIB型玄武岩的证据

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2017.573

1.
中国地质调查局成都地质调查中心, 四川成都 610081
2.
中国地质大学地球科学与资源学院, 北京 100083

基金项目:

国家重点研发计划项目 2016YFC0600308

中国地质调查局项目 121201010000150014

详细信息

作者简介:
黄勇(1982-), 男, 高级工程师, 长期从事青藏高原成矿规律研究.

中图分类号: P597
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2017-12-16
- 刊出日期: 2018-08-15

The Initial Break-Up between Tethyan-Himalaya and Indian Terrane: Evidences from Late Cretaceous OIB-Type Basalt in Southern Tibet

1.
Chengdu Center of China Geological Survey, Chengdu 610081, China
2.
School of Earth Science and Resource, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China

摘要

摘要: 长期以来关于喜马拉雅地体是否从印度大陆裂解以及何时裂解的问题存在较大争议，而藏南卡达地区新发现的晚白垩世枕状玄武岩为解决该问题提供了新的证据.卡达玄武岩位于卡达乡北侧，玄武岩呈北西西向不整合于中侏罗统遮拉组之上，锆石SHRIMP U-Pb同位素定年获得的成岩年龄为92.1±1.2 Ma，代表特提斯喜马拉雅地区晚白垩世时期火山活动.卡达玄武岩主量元素、微量元素分析结果显示，玄武岩为碱性玄武岩，轻重稀土明显分馏（（La/Yb）_N=5.7~7.1），无Nb-Ta、Eu、Zr-Hf负异常，以及高Fe、P、Ti含量，低（La/Nb）_PM、（Th/Ta）_PM比值特征.锆石ε_Hf（t）值介于9.02~12.97，平均为10.50，地幔模式年龄t_DM1为241~399 Ma.地球化学指标以及同位素组成显示卡达玄武岩为未受地壳混染的OIB型玄武岩，岩浆起源于含石榴石、尖晶石二辉橄榄岩的部分熔融.卡达玄武岩形成于特提斯喜马拉雅被动大陆边缘环境，被动大陆边缘的火山岩浆岩通常与大陆裂解有关，结合古地磁研究结果以及新特提斯洋盆演化证据，认为卡达玄武岩与特提斯喜马拉雅和印度地体的裂解有关，代表大陆地壳初始裂解的时间.
- 晚白垩世 /
- OIB型玄武岩 /
- 初始裂解 /
- 特提斯喜马拉雅 /
- U-Pb定年 /
- 地球化学 /
- 地质年代学
Abstract: The initial break-up time between Tethyan-Himalaya and Indian terrane has been controversial for a long time.In this study, we report newly discovered pillow basalts which provide new insights to the solution of the problem.The pillow basalts trending northwestward unconformable overlap on the Middle Jurassic Zhela Formation.The zircon SHRIMP U-Pb isotopic dating shows the formation age of 92.1±1.2 Ma, representing the Late Cretaceous volcanic activity of the Tethys Himalaya.The major and trace elements analyses show the basalt is alkaline basalt with (La/Yb)_N=5.7~7.1 and without Nb-Ta, Eu, Zr-Hf negative anomalies, and it has high Fe, P, Ti contents, low (La/Nb)_PM and (Th/Ta)_PM ratios.Zircon ε_Hf(t) values range from 9.02 to 12.97, with an average of 10.50 and t_DM1 is 241-399 Ma.Geochemical and isotopic data show that the Kada basalt is OIB-type basalt without any contamination from the crust and the magma originates from partial melting of garnet-spinel bearing lherzolite.Kada basalt is present within Tethyan Himalaya passive continental margin.Mafic volcanics spreading within passive continental margins is usually related with the processes of continental break-up and formation of a new ocean basin.Combined with the latest research result of paleomagnetic and evolution of Neo-Tethys oceanic basin, we suggest that the Kada basalt is related to the initial break-up between Tethyan-Himalaya and Indian terrane.The Kada basalt provides new clues for the study of tectonic evolution of the Tethyan Himalaya.
- Late Cretaceous /
- OIB-type basalt /
- initial break-up /
- Tethyan-Himalaya /
- U-Pb dating /
- geochemistry /
- geochronology

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图 1 区域地质简图(a)和卡达地区地质简图(b)

图a据Yin and Harrison (2000)修改.GCT.大反向逆冲断层; STDZ.藏南拆离系; MCT.主中央断裂; MBT.主边界断裂; MFT.主前锋断裂

Fig. 1. Regional geologic map (a) and the geological map of Kada area (b)

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图 2 藏南地区卡达OIB型玄武岩野外和岩相学照片

Pl.基性斜长石；Cpx.单斜辉石

Fig. 2. Field and petrographical photos of the Kada OIB-type basalt in southern Tibet

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图 3 藏南卡达OIB型玄武岩锆石CL图像及U-Pb年龄谐和图

图a中黑色圆圈代表锆石U-Pb测年点，数字为测点编号，数据代表U-Pb年龄；红色数据为ε_Hf(t)值

Fig. 3. Zircon CL images and U-Pb concordia diagram of OIB-type basalt in southern Tibet

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图 4 藏南卡达玄武岩样品Nb/Y-Zr/TiO₂图解

据Winchester and Floyd (1977)

Fig. 4. Nb/Y-Zr/TiO₂ plot of Kada basalt in southern Tibet

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图 5 卡达玄武岩样品的球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分模式(a)和原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图(b)

原始地幔、球粒陨石、OIB、E-MORB、N-MORB数据来自Sun and McDonough (1989)；措美大火成岩省数据来自夏瑛等(2012)；桑秀组玄武岩数据来自朱弟成等(2005)

Fig. 5. Chondrite-normalized REE pattern (a) and primitive mantle-normalized trace element spider diagram (b) of Kada basalt

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图 6 藏南地区卡达OIB型玄武岩(Th/Nb)_PM-(La/Nb)_PM图解

原始地幔、Bunbury Casuarina和Bunbury Gosselin玄武岩数据来自Frey et al.(1996); Rajmahal暗色岩数据来自Baksi et al.(1995)和Kent et al.(1997); Site 747玄武岩数据来自Frey et al.(2002); Site 738玄武岩数据来自Mahoney et al.(1995); Site 1138玄武岩数据来自Neal et al.(2002).UC.上地壳；MC.中地壳；LC.下地壳

Fig. 6. (Th/Nb)_PM-(La/Nb)_PM plot of OIB-type basalt in southern Tibet

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图 7 藏南卡达玄武岩ε_Hf(t)-t图解

Fig. 7. ε_Hf(t) -t plot of Kada basalt in southern Tibet

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图 8 藏南卡达玄武岩Zr/Nb-Ce/Y图解(a)和La/Sm-Sm/Yb图解(b)

Fig. 8. Plots of Zr/Nb-Ce/Y (a) and La/Sm-Sm/Yb (b) of Kada basalt in southern Tibet

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图 9 藏南卡达玄武岩2Nb-Zr/4-Y图解(a)和Nb/Tb-Th/Tb图解(b)

A1.板内碱性玄武岩；A2.板内碱性玄武岩或板内拉斑玄武岩；B.P-type MORB；C.板内拉斑玄武岩或火山弧玄武岩；D.火山弧玄武岩或N-MORB

Fig. 9. Plots of 2Nb-Zr/4-Y (a)和Nb/Tb-Th/Tb (b) of Kada basalt in southern Tibet

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图 10 拉萨地体、特提斯喜马拉雅和印度地体古地磁点位图解

底图来源于Yang et al. (2015b)

Fig. 10. Paleomagnetic points diagram for Indian terrane, Tethyan Himalayan and Lhasa terrane

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表 1 藏南卡达玄武岩锆石U-Pb分析结果

Table 1. Zircon U-Pb results of Kada basalt in southern Tibet

样号	元素含量(10^-6)				²³²Th/²³⁸U	同位素比值						年龄(Ma)
样号	²⁰⁶Pb_c	U	Th	²⁰⁶Pb^*	²³²Th/²³⁸U	²⁰⁷Pb^/²⁰⁶Pb^	1σ	²⁰⁷Pb^*/²³⁵U	1σ	²⁰⁶Pb^*/²³⁸U	1σ	²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U	²⁰⁸Pb/²³²Th
KD2-1	0.22	737	525	8.90	0.74	0.0561	6.1	0.1085	6.5	0.01402	2.2	89.8±1.9	90.4±3.7
KD2-2	-	945	764	11.9	0.83	0.0568	6.0	0.1145	6.3	0.01463	2.1	93.6±2.0	99.1±4.5
KD2-3	0.25	661	372	8.48	0.58	0.0567	14	0.116	14	0.01490	2.7	95.4±2.6	108±11
KD2-4	2.43	392	156	4.80	0.41	0.0497	17	0.095	17	0.01392	2.8	9.1±2.5	79±14
KD2-5	0.73	648	331	8.08	0.53	0.0570	7.0	0.1132	7.3	0.01441	2.2	92.2±2.0	105.5±5.4
KD2-6	2.42	869	656	10.8	0.78	0.0468	12	0.092	12	0.01418	2.2	90.8±2.0	90.9±5.8
KD2-7	0.50	991	994	12.5	1.04	0.0506	7.1	0.1022	7.4	0.01465	2.2	93.8±2.0	91.6±4.5
KD2-8	4.99	779	502	9.88	0.67	0.063	20	0.121	20	0.01402	2.5	89.8±2.2	99±13
KD2-9	0.53	1184	760	15.0	0.66	0.0531	9.2	0.107	9.5	0.01465	2.2	93.8±2.0	97.9±6.1
KD2-10	1.22	937	537	12.2	0.59	0.0577	7.1	0.1193	7.4	0.01498	2.2	95.9±2.1	98.6±5.7
KD2-11	10.67	649	402	9.06	0.64	0.053	31	0.105	31	0.01452	3.0	92.9±2.8	117±24
KD2-12	0.39	705	555	8.70	0.81	0.0631	7.6	0.1245	7.9	0.01432	2.3	91.6±2.1	98.3±3.6
KD2-13	0.28	918	515	11.1	0.58	0.0587	5.5	0.1138	5.9	0.01406	2.1	90.0±1.9	96.9±3.9
注：Pb_c和Pb^*分别代表普通Pb和放射成因Pb.

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表 2 卡达玄武岩主量元素(%)、微量元素(10^-6)和稀土元素(10^-6)分析结果

Table 2. Major elements (%), trace elements (10^-6) and rare earth elements (10^-6) results of Kada basalt

样号	KD2-2	KD2-3	KD2-4	KD2-5	KD2-6
SiO₂	48.27	50.28	48.90	49.78	48.99
CaO	9.61	9.71	8.93	10.15	8.23
FeO	7.38	7.42	8.39	6.99	8.14
MgO	5.87	5.22	5.38	4.67	5.39
Na₂O	2.10	2.14	2.42	2.19	2.81
TiO₂	3.81	3.72	3.80	3.90	3.76
LOI	2.74	2.37	2.91	2.08	2.64
Be	1.36	1.61	1.60	1.60	1.42
Mn	1 280	1 180	1 454	1 363	1 398
Ni	92.1	131.0	179.0	70.8	72.0
Rb	15.1	4.51	10.9	11.6	17.70
Mo	0.75	0.47	0.46	0.57	0.44
In	0.11	0.10	0.11	0.11	0.10
Ba	284	193	473	258	1006
Pb	2.20	1.98	1.80	2.54	1.64
Th	1.88	2.12	1.68	2.18	2.18
Nb	25	26.4	22	30	27
Zr	261	282	279	287	271
Sn	2.09	2.27	2.35	2.25	2.21
Ti	22 422	21 896	22 820	23 542	22 561
As	0.45	0.16	< 0.05	0.68	0.17
La	22.3	25.5	21.4	26.8	25.5
Pr	7.54	8.31	7.54	8.55	8.04
Sm	8.29	8.74	8.78	8.91	8.29
Gd	8.68	8.77	9.00	9.08	8.39
Dy	6.93	6.86	7.00	7.12	6.68
Er	3.17	3.13	3.22	3.24	3.08
Yb	2.68	2.7	2.68	2.74	2.57
Sc	26.6	23.9	25.0	25.2	26.0
(La/Yb)_N	6.0	6.8	5.7	7.0	7.1
A/NK	3.02	3.11	2.48	2.89	2.09
TFeO	11.6	11.0	11.4	10.5	10.9
Al₂O₃	12.97	12.54	12.53	13.15	13.08
Fe₂O₃	4.72	4.03	3.33	3.86	3.02
K₂O	0.77	0.47	0.98	0.87	1.51
MnO	0.16	0.15	0.19	0.18	0.18
P₂O₅	0.41	0.47	0.47	0.46	0.43
H₂O	3.13	2.86	3.18	2.56	3.16
Li	14.6	9.35	14.7	13.1	13.3
Cr	322	256	337	217	223.0
Co	43.9	40.6	48.3	38.5	42.0
Ga	23.5	23.7	24.0	24.5	22.0
Sr	597	618	774	640	874
Cd	0.11	0.11	0.11	0.12	0.09
Cs	1.11	0.57	0.56	0.48	0.41
Tl	< 0.05	< 0.05	< 0.05	< 0.05	0.08
Bi	< 0.05	< 0.05	< 0.05	< 0.05	< 0.05
U	0.52	0.58	0.48	0.61	0.54
Ta	1.74	1.84	1.50	2.08	1.84
Hf	6.47	7.08	6.92	7.19	6.76
Sb	0.07	0.07	< 0.05	0.37	< 0.05
W	0.20	0.30	0.26	0.28	0.25
V	417	380	392	416	395
Ce	44.1	49.0	43.1	50.9	48.8
Nd	39.1	42.4	40.1	43.4	40.6
Eu	2.86	2.86	2.97	2.94	2.78
Tb	1.23	1.24	1.29	1.30	1.23
Ho	1.33	1.32	1.31	1.36	1.27
Tm	0.46	0.45	0.45	0.46	0.43
Lu	0.39	0.38	0.39	0.40	0.38
Y	30.7	30.6	30.9	31.5	29.9
A/CNK	0.60	0.58	0.59	0.57	0.62
Mg^#	47.4	45.7	45.7	44.3	46.9

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表 3 藏南地区卡达玄武岩锆石Hf同位素数据

Table 3. Zircon Hf isotope data of the Kada basalt in southern Tibet

样号	¹⁷⁶Yb/¹⁷⁷Hf	2σ	¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf	2σ	¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf	2σ	ε_Hf(t)	t_DM1(Ma)	f_Lu-Hf
KD2-1	0.027 232	0.000 157	0.000 884	0.000 003	0.282 978	0.000 024	9.26	386	-0.97
KD2-2	0.038 056	0.000 274	0.001 153	0.000 004	0.282 981	0.000 021	9.32	386	-0.97
KD2-3	0.035 524	0.000 619	0.001 178	0.000 016	0.283 003	0.000 024	10.12	354	-0.96
KD2-4	0.028 420	0.000 280	0.000 926	0.000 008	0.282 982	0.000 022	9.39	382	-0.97
KD2-5	0.038 303	0.001 019	0.001 205	0.000 026	0.282 986	0.000 026	9.53	378	-0.96
KD2-6	0.038 204	0.001 301	0.001 217	0.000 034	0.282 972	0.000 031	9.02	399	-0.96
KD2-7	0.056 766	0.001 403	0.001 685	0.000 051	0.283 056	0.000 022	11.95	283	-0.95
KD2-8	0.057 206	0.001 348	0.001 789	0.000 041	0.283 078	0.000 027	12.75	250	-0.95
KD2-9	0.043 852	0.000 887	0.001 366	0.000 028	0.282 978	0.000 025	9.23	392	-0.96
KD2-10	0.041 322	0.000 519	0.001 293	0.000 014	0.283 007	0.000 023	10.25	350	-0.96
KD2-11	0.050 842	0.001 608	0.001 538	0.000 041	0.283 040	0.000 024	11.41	304	-0.95
KD2-12	0.052 171	0.001 341	0.001 699	0.000 029	0.283 085	0.000 042	12.97	241	-0.95
KD2-13	0.036 267	0.001 293	0.001 119	0.000 027	0.283 029	0.000 027	11.04	317	-0.97

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