Original Depth of Paleoproterozoic Carbonatites in North China Craton and Onset of Modern-Style Plate Tectonics
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摘要: 俯冲作用是改变地球内部物质演化的关键因素之一，而现代板块的启动时间一直存在争论.华北克拉通中部造山带内蒙古丰镇古元古代碳酸岩内超硅石榴石包体和榴辉岩捕虏体的发现，为研究岩浆起源深度和板块构造提供了窗口.矿物学和高温高压实验限定超硅石榴石（Si~3.18 pfu）富集三价铁（Fe3+/∑Fe~0.8），来源于地幔约400 km的深度表明碳酸岩岩浆起源于地幔过渡带.矿物对温压计和P-T视剖面图确定榴辉岩捕虏体变质峰期温压分别为~660 ℃和~2.65 GPa，温压梯度为~250 ℃·GPa-1，与现代板块深俯冲产物相似，说明现代板块构造在古元古代已经启动.统计显示全球古元古代碳酸岩与造山带内高压变质岩石密切共生.全球古元古代的板块俯冲可能与哥伦比亚超大陆的拼合有关.大规模板片俯冲携带地壳沉积物质进入深部地幔，形成碳酸岩岩浆及氧化的富Fe3+超硅石榴石.地壳物质在地幔源区循环约20亿年，导致了地幔源区的不均一性以及长时间的碳循环.Abstract: Subduction is one of the key factors that change the evolution of the interior of the Earth, and there have been controversies over the starting time of modern-style plate tectonics. The discovery of majorite garnet inclusions and eclogite xenoliths hosted by the Paleoproterozoic carbonatites in the Fengzhen area, Inner Mongolia, provides a rare window into the origin depth of magma and plate tectonics. Mineralogy and high temperature and pressure experiments constrain the ferric iron-rich (Fe3+/∑Fe~0.8) majoritic garnets (Si ~3.18 pfu) originated from about ~400 km in depth, indicating that the carbonatitic magma originated from the mantle transition zone. The mineral-pair thermobarometer and P-T phase diagram determine the peak metamorphic pressure and temperature at ~660 ℃ and ~2.65 GPa, which gives a peak thermal gradient of ~250 ℃·GPa-1, similar to the product of modern plate deep subduction, indicating that the modern plate tectonics has started since the Paleoproterozoic. Statistics show that the global Paleoproterozoic carbonatites are closely associated with high-pressure metamorphic rocks in Paleoproterozoic orogens. Global Paleoproterozoic slab subduction might be linked to the Columbia supercontinent amalgamation. Large-scale slab subduction inputted crustal sediments into the deep mantle, forming carbonatitic magmas and oxidized ferric iron-rich majoritic garnets. Crustal materials recycled for about 2 billion years in the mantle source region, leading to the compositional heterogeneities and carbon cycle in the deep mantle.
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Key words:
- carbonatite /
- plate tectonics /
- magma origin /
- North China craton /
- Fengzhen /
- subduction /
- petrology
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图 1 全球古元古代碳酸岩、麻粒岩、榴辉岩及显生宙造山带碳酸岩分布示意图
底图据Woolley and Kjarsgaard (2008); Xu et al.(2018)
Fig. 1. Distribution of Paleoproterozoic carbonatites, granulites, eclogites and Phanerozoic orogenic carbonatites worldwide
图 2 华北克拉通丰镇-怀安碳酸岩地质特征
a.华北克拉通地质简图；b.碳酸岩野外照片；c.碳酸岩显微照片(正交偏光)
Fig. 2. Geological characteristics of carbonatites from Fengzhen and Huai'an areas in the North China craton
图 3 超硅石榴石及榴辉岩捕虏体照片
a, b.超硅石榴石及其寄主石榴石背散射图像；c.榴辉岩捕虏体手标本；d.榴辉岩捕虏体背散射图像.底图据Xu et al.(2017, 2018)
Fig. 3. Photographs of the majoritic garnets and the eclogite xenolith
图 4 超硅石榴石形成压力估计
Fig. 4. Estimated pressures for the formation of the majoritic garnets
图 5 科马提岩与地幔潜能温度-时间分布及全球变质带峰期温压条件统计
底图据van Thienen et al.(2004)、Herzberg et al.(2007)和Brown and Johnson(2018).a.科马提岩与地幔潜能温度-时间分布；b.全球变质带峰期温压条件统计图，NA、NC，北美克拉通、华北克拉通(Xu et al., 2018)
Fig. 5. Distribution of time-temperature of komatiites (a) and a global compilation of peak pressure-temperature conditions of metamorphic belts (b)
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