四川盆地五峰-龙马溪组页岩成熟度研究

王晔; 邱楠生; 仰云峰; 芮晓庆; 周圆圆; 方光建; 吴航; 申宝剑; 程礼军; 腾格尔

doi:10.3799/dqkx.2018.125

四川盆地五峰-龙马溪组页岩成熟度研究

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2018.125

王晔^{1, 2, ,},
邱楠生^{1, 2, , ,},
仰云峰^{3, 4},
芮晓庆^{3, 4},
周圆圆^{3, 4},
方光建⁵,
吴航^{1, 2},
申宝剑^{3, 4},
程礼军⁵,
腾格尔^{3, 4}

1.
中国石油大学油气资源与探测国家重点实验室, 北京 102249
2.
中国石油大学地球科学学院, 北京 102249
3.
中国石化石油勘探开发研究院无锡石油地质研究所, 江苏无锡 214126
4.
页岩油气富集机理与有效开发国家重点实验室, 江苏无锡 214126
5.
重庆地质矿产研究院重庆市页岩气资源与勘查工程技术研究中心, 重庆 400042

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金项目 41690133

国家自然科学基金项目 U1663202

国家科技重大专项 2016ZX05007-003

国家科技重大专项 2017ZX05036-002

国家科技重大专项 2017ZX05005001

北京市科技领军人才培养工程项目 Z171100001117163

详细信息

作者简介:
王晔(1988-), 男, 博士研究生, 主要从事有机岩石学与盆地热史研究

通讯作者:
邱楠生

中图分类号: P618.12
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2018-09-14
- 刊出日期: 2019-03-15

Thermal Maturity of Wufeng-Longmaxi Shale in Sichuan Basin

Wang Ye^{1, 2
,
,},
Qiu Nansheng^{1, 2
, ,
,},
Yang Yunfeng^{3, 4},
Rui Xiaoqing^{3, 4},
Zhou Yuanyuan^{3, 4},
Fang Guangjian⁵,
Wu Hang^{1, 2},
Shen Baojian^{3, 4},
Cheng Lijun⁵,

1.
State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
2.
College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
3.
Wuxi Research Institute of Petroleum Geology, SINOPEC Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, Wuxi 214126, China
4.
State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective Development, Wuxi 214126, China
5.
Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Shale Gas Resource & Exploration, Chongqing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chongqing 400042, China

摘要

摘要: 上奥陶统五峰组-下志留统龙马溪组海相页岩是四川盆地下古生界主要的烃源岩和页岩气勘探目标，有机质成熟度不仅是油气生成评价的关键，也是页岩品质评价的重要指标之一.下古生界页岩有机质成熟度一直以来是有机岩石学研究的难点与热点问题.由于下古生界缺乏镜质体，先前的研究多是采用沥青反射率转换为等效镜质体反射率的方法，并且由于沥青的局限性和不确定性，使得五峰-龙马溪组页岩的成熟度缺乏统一的认识和系统研究.通过采集四川盆地及其周缘的岩心和露头样品，系统分析了页岩有机显微组分光学反射率特征.结果表明笔石和固体沥青是最主要的两类有机显微组分.根据固体沥青的显微结构形态和光性特征，将固体沥青大体上分为两类：（1）颗粒状-棱角状的充填在孔隙和微裂缝中高反射率焦沥青；（2）以细小不规则表面的有机质颗粒大量分散于粘土矿物基质中的低反射率基质固体沥青.焦沥青与笔石随机反射率均可以表征下古生界页岩有机质成熟度.但焦沥青反射率略低于笔石反射率，并且随着成熟度的增高，笔石反射率的增速大于焦沥青，各向异性也显著增强.相对于固体沥青反射率，笔石随机反射率分布更为集中，更适合作为含笔石页岩有机质成熟度指标.但是笔石反射率与等效镜质体反射率在过成熟阶段的换算关系需要进一步研究.
- 四川盆地 /
- 五峰-龙马溪组页岩 /
- 笔石 /
- 固体沥青 /
- 热成熟度 /
- 等效镜质体反射率 /
- 石油地质
Abstract: The marine shale of Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation (O₃w)-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation (S₁l) is the main source rock and the target of shale gas exploration in Sichuan Basin.Organic matter maturity is not only the key to evaluate hydrocarbon generation, but also a vital indicator of shale quality evaluation.The maturity of organic matter in Lower Paleozoic shale has always been a difficult and hot issue in organic petrology.However, the previous studies were focused on the conversion of solid bitumen reflectance to equivalent vitrinite reflectance on account of the lack of vitrinite in Lower Paleozoic stratum.And the limitation and uncertainty of bitumen give rise to a lack of uniform understanding and systematic research of Wufeng-Longmaxi shale on thermal maturity.The core and outcrop samples of Wufeng-Longmaxi shale were collected in Sichuan Basin and its periphery areas for optical analysis of organic matter.The macerals and optical characteristics of various organic matter in Wufeng-Longmaxi shale were analyzed.The main macerals organic components are composed of the graptolite fragments and solid bitumen.Two types of solid bitumen have been distinguished in shales, based on optical properties and microstructure characteristics in reflected light:(1) pyrobitumen—a highly reflecting granular and sharp angular bitumen accumulates in intergranular pore spaces and microfractures; (2) matrix solid bitumen—an irregular granular surface and finely organic matter particle widely disseminated in the clay mineral matrix with low reflectance.The random reflectance of pyrobitumen is slightly lower than that of graptolite in the same sample.The increase of graptolite reflectance is faster than that of solid bitumen with the increase of maturity, and anisotropy increases significantly.Both pyrobitumen and graptolite can be used for maturity analysis in Lower Paleozoic shale.Compared to the reflectance of solid bitumen, the random reflectance of graptolite is more suitable as maturity index due to reflectance value show a narrower range.However, its relationship with vitrinite reflectance at overmature stage still needs further study.
- Sichuan Basin /
- Wufeng-Longmaxi shale /
- graptolite /
- solid bitumen /
- thermal maturity /
- equivalent vitrinite reflectance /
- petroleum geology

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图 1 四川盆地及其周缘岩心和露头样品分布

上奥陶统五峰组和下志留统龙马溪组下段页岩厚度分布，据郭彤楼和张汉荣(2014)修改

Fig. 1. Sample locations of wells and outcrops investigated in the Upper Ordovician Wufeng and the lower part of Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin and its periphery

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图 2 显微组分照片(油浸, 反射白光, ×50)

a.几丁虫，空腔中可能充填莓球状黄铁矿和固体沥青(NN, 2 609.35 m); b.几丁虫，空腔中充填莓球状黄铁矿(BB, 1 247.1 m); c.非颗粒状笔石可能被沥青浸染(FF-2, 3 860 m); d.非颗粒笔石，典型的纤维状结构和纺锤层(RR-3, 4 515.5 m); e.固体沥青，附着在碳酸盐岩矿物颗粒边缘(FF-1, 3 813.6 m); f.固体沥青颗粒(MM-2, 2 535.31 m); g.颗粒状笔石可能被沥青浸染(CC-2, 3 722.18 m); h.非颗粒笔石，笔石胞管中充填莓球状黄铁矿(KK-1, 2 825.2 m); i.固体沥青，附着在矿物颗粒边缘(FF-2, 3 860 m); j.低反射率固体沥青基质(FF-2, 3 860 m); k.条带状笔石，笔石两边附着物可能为固体沥青(LL, 750 m); l.颗粒状笔石，表面粗糙(CC-1, 3 711.9 m); m.固体沥青，充填于孔隙中(城口庙坝露头); n.颗粒状固体沥青，表现出强烈的各向异性和马赛克结构(石柱漆辽露头); o.条带状笔石(城口庙坝露头); p.非颗粒状笔石(綦江观音桥露头); q.颗粒状笔石(AA, 1 099 m); r.层状藻类体，呈现橙色荧光(AA, 1 099 m); s.非颗粒状笔石(AA, 1 099 m); t.笔石呈现深褐色荧光(城口庙坝露头)

Fig. 2. Microphotographs of macerals (oil immersion, white reflected light, ×50)

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图 3 五峰-龙马溪组页岩笔石随机反射率与固体沥青反射率(Type A)的关系

Fig. 3. Relationship between graptolite random reflectance and solid bitumen (Type A) for Wufeng-Longmaxi shale

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图 4 笔石随机反射率与固体沥青随机反射率的关系

Fig. 4. Relationship between graptolite random reflectance and solid bitumen random reflectance

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图 5 五峰-龙马溪组页岩有机显微组分反射率分布直方图

Fig. 5. Histograms of reflectance distribution of organic macerals for Wufeng-Longmaxi shale

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图 6 基于页岩固体沥青反射率转换等效镜质体反射率的公式对比

a.加拿大Hudson Bay盆地古生界，据Bertrand and Malo(2012)；b.加拿大Gaspe Belt盆地志留系-泥盆系烃源岩，据Bertrand and Malo(2001)；c.Schoenherr et al.(2007)综合Jacob(1989)和Landis and Castaño(1995)数据拟合；d.据Landis and Castaño(1995)；e.热模拟样品(抚顺第三系和乌鲁木齐二叠系)，据丰国秀和陈盛吉(1988)；f.四川盆地二叠系-三叠系自然演化样品，据丰国秀和陈盛吉(1988)；g.据Jacob(1989).黄色圆点为四川盆地二叠系和三叠系VR_o与BR_o实测值，据丰国秀和陈盛吉(1988)

Fig. 6. Comparison of formulas for equivalent vitrinite reflectance (solid bitumen)

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图 7 牙形石色变指数与笔石最大反射率和镜质体反射率的半定量关系

Gentziset al.(1996)

Fig. 7. Semi-quantitative relationship among conodont alteration index, graptolite maximum reflectance and vitrinite reflectance

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图 8 基于笔石反射率转换等效镜质体反射率的公式对比

a.据Bertrand(1990)；b.据Bertrand (1993)和Bertrand and Malo(2001, 2012)；c.据Petersenet al. (2013)；d.据Colţoiet al. (2016)；e.GR_{o_max}，据曹长群等(2000)；f.据曹长群等(2000)；g.GR_{o_max}，据祝幼华等(1998)

Fig. 8. Formulas of equivalent vitrinite reflectance based on graptolite

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图 9 四川盆地五峰-龙马溪组页岩笔石随机反射率分布

红色圆点和黄色三角形分别为此次研究岩心样品和露头样品实测数据，粉色圆点据仰云峰(2016)

Fig. 9. Graptolite random reflectance of the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale in Sichuan Basin

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图 10 四川盆地五峰-龙马溪组页岩固体沥青(Type A)随机反射率分布

Fig. 10. Solid bitumen (Type A) random reflectance of the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale in Sichuan Basin

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表 1 笔石和固体沥青随机反射率与等效镜质体反射率(岩心样品)

Table 1. Random reflectacne and equivalent vitrinite reflectance for graptolite and solid bitumen (core samples)

样品	地点	层位	岩性	深度 (m)	TOC (%)	GR_o (%)	标准差	测点	BR_o (%; Type A)	标准差	测点	BR_o (%; Type B)	标准差	测点	EqVR_o-1	EqVR_o-2	EqVR_o-3	EqVR_o-4	EqVR_o-5
AA	城口	S₁l	页岩	1 099	1.28	1.41	0.08	17	1.36	0.09	8	—	—	—	1.19	1.35	1.39	1.19	—
BB	酉阳	S₁l	页岩	1 247.1	0.97	2.73	0.10	41	2.59	0.21	6	—	—	—	—	2.59	2.70	2.65	—
CC-1		Si/	页岩	3 711.9	4.19	2.88	0.15	43	2.64	0.17	22	—	—	—	—	2.73	2.76	2.71	—
CC-2		S₁l	页岩	3 722.18	6.33	2.86	0.10	34	2.53	0.08	29	—	—	—	—	2.71	2.64	2.57	—
DD-1	威远	S₁l	页岩	3 575.44	2.44	2.97	0.18	23	2.68	0.20	19	—	—	—	—	2.81	2.80	2.77	—
DD-2		S₁l	页岩	3 582.52	3.67	3.01	0.09	26	2.65	0.09	6	—	—	—	—	2.85	2.77	2.73	—
DD-3		S₁l	页岩	3 584.4	3.97	12.97	0.15	18	2.38	0.08	16	-	-	-	-	2.81	2.48	2.39	—
EE-1		S₁l	页岩	1 269.33	1.21	3.11	0.19	11	2.82	0.06	5	-	-	-	-	2.94	2.95	2.95	—
EE-2		Si/	页岩	—	2.63	3.19	0.10	13	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	3.02	—	—	—
FF-1		S₁l	页岩	3 813.6	1.87	3.18	0.15	23	2.71	0.1	22	—	—	—	—	3.01	2.83	2.80	—
FF-2	水川	S₁l	页岩	3 860	4.00	3.20	0.13	42	2.78	0.12	18	2.05	0.25	9	—	3.03	2.91	2.89	—
GG	黔江	S₁l	页岩	7 41.3	1.17	3.20	0.12	30	2.59	0.21	6	-	-	-	-	3.03	2.70	2.65	—
HH	彭水	S₁l	页岩	2 153.29	2.82	3.38	0.09	10	2.68	0.13	7	2.43	0.04	12	—	3.20	2.80	2.77	—
JJ-1		S₁l	页岩	3 787.2	2.04	3.26	0.10	27	2.9	0.18	10	2.22	0.23	3	—	3.08	3.04	3.05	—
JJ-2	丁山	O₃W	页岩	3 817.3	3.56	3.40	0.10	27	2.75	0.11	5	—	—	—	—	3.22	2.88	2.86	—
KK-1		S₁l	页岩	2 825.2	4.67	3.80	0.15	18	3.58	0.14	6	2.72	0.05	3	—	3.59	3.76	3.96	3.58
KK-2	武隆	S₁l	页岩	2 829.3	5.37	3.62	0.16	27	-	-	-	2.62	0.16	24	-	3.42	-	-	—
LL		S₁l	页岩	750	4.03	4.07	0.15	31	3.59	0.12	6	2.81	0.55	16	—	3.84	3.77	3.98	3.59
MM-1		S₁l	页岩	2 516	1.73	3.78	0.29	8	3.28	0.35	36	2.37	0.31	7	—	3.57	3.44	3.55	3.28
MM-2	涪陵	S₁l	页岩	2 535.31	4.23	3.72	0.24	22	3.3	0.21	11	2.44	0.33	14	—	3.52	3.46	3.58	3.30
NN		Si/	页岩	2 609.35	4.00	3.85	0.16	25	3.02	0.13	9	2.55	0.15	31	—	3.64	3.16	3.21	3.02
PP-1		S₁l	页岩	530.42	1.86	3.71	0.21	62	3.53	0.16	7	2.54	0.3	8	—	3.51	3.71	3.89	3.53
PP-2		S₁l	页岩	552.4	0.92	3.61	0.19	8	3.55	0.72	4	—	—	—	—	3.41	3.73	3.92	3.55
QQ	广怀	S₁l	页岩	4047	4.17	4.15	0.12	21	3.53	0.32	23	—	—	—	—	3.92	3.71	3.89	3.53
RR-4		S₁l	页岩	4 484.2	1.98	—	—	—	3.11	0.24	30	—	—	—	—	—	3.26	3.33	3.11
RR-5		S₁l	页岩	4 491.45	2.12	4.36	0.21	10	3.31	0.28	8	—	—	—	—	4.12	3.47	3.60	3.31
RR-1	石柱	S₁l	页岩	4 503.15	5.48	4.32	0.15	19	3.75	0.45	14	2.85	0.18	7	—	4.08	3.94	4.20	3.75
RR-2		S₁l	页岩	4 505.47	5.79	4.49	0.10	37	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	4.24	—	—	—
RR-3		O₃W	页岩	4 515.15	5.01	4.23	0.11	21	—	—	—	2.84	0.21	20	—	3.99	—	—	—
SS	利川	S₁l	页岩	2 811.4	2.89	4.73	0.31	13	3.89	0.53	9	2.78	0.28	4	—	4.46	4.09	4.40	3.89
TT-1	Mill	S₁l	页岩	3 055	3.80	4.91	0.13	5	3.95	0.32	4	—	—	—	—	4.63	4.16	4.48	3.95
TT-2		S₁l	页岩	3 083	6.50	4.89	0.13	19	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	4.61	—	—	—
注：EqVR_o-1的等效公式EqVR_o＝0.73GR_o+0.16(Petersen et al., 2013)；EqVR_o-2的等效公式EqVR_o＝0.937 6GRo+0.027 8(Bertrand and Malo 2001, 2012)；EqVR_o-3的等效公式EqVR_o＝(BR_o-0.059)/0.936(Bertrand and Malo, 2001)；EqVR_o-4的等效公式EqVR_o＝0.811 3BR_o^{1.243 8}(Bertrand and Malo, 2012)；EqVR_o-5:当BR_o＞3.0%，VR_o≈BR_o.

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表 2 笔石和固体沥青随机反射率与等效镜质体反射率(露头样品)

Table 2. Random reflectacne and equivalent vitrinite reflectance for graptolite and solid bitumen (outcrop samples)

样品	露头	地层	岩性	TOC (%)	GR_o (%)	标准差	测点	BR_o (%; Type A)	标准差	测点	BR_o (%; Type B)	标准差	测点	EqVR_o-1	EqVR_o-2	EqVR_o-3	EqVR_o-4	EqVR_o-5
CKMB		S₁l	页岩	1.45	1.21	0.05	35	1.16	0.08	6	0.78	0.07	14	1.04	1.16	1.18	0.98
CKMB-Y2	城口庙坝	S₁l	页岩	2.13	1.28	0.07	29	1.23	0.09	12	—	—	—	1.09	1.23	1.25	1.05
CKMB-Y1		S₁l	页岩	3.61	1.32	0.08	18	1.21	0.07	9	—	—	—	1.12	1.27	1.23	1.03
CKHF	城口序坪	S₁l	页岩	4.24	2.19	0.12	13	2.01	0.20	29	—	—	—	—	2.08	2.08	1.93
DZBY	道真巴渔	S₁l	页岩	3.38	2.49	0.10	37	2.14	0.11	23	—	—	—	—	2.36	2.22	2.09
CKM'F	城口明通	S₁l	页岩	2.37	2.54	0.09	30	2.25	0.16	22	—	—	—	—	2.41	2.34	2.22
WXBL	巫溪月鹿	S₁l	页岩	5.73	2.55	0.12	16	2.32	0.17	13	—	—	—	—	2.42	2.42	2.31
XYSQ-1	叙永双桥	S₁l	页岩	2.89	2.61	0.14	5	2.52	0.23	18	1.88	0.17	3	—	2.47	2.63	2.56
XYSQ-2		S₁l	页岩	3.14	2.59	0.07	27	2.47	0.13	13	—	一	一	—	2.46	2.58	2.50
XSTH	习水土河	O₃W	页岩	9.02	2.60	0.07	33	2.66	0.02	2	—	—	—	—	2.47	2.78	2.74
XSQIX：	习水骑龙村	S₁l	页岩	3.14	2.79	0.11	13	2.64	0.22	18	—	—	—	—	2.64	2.76	2.71
WSSI-Z	万盛石林镇	S₁l	页岩	4.65	2.83	0.07	34	2.85	0.32	10	—	—	—	—	2.68	2.98	2.98
QJGYQ	蔡江观音桥	S₁l	页岩	3.88	2.83	0.11	28	2.63	0.15	6	1.93	0.25	3	—	2.68	2.75	2.70
YYMB	丙阳毛坝	S₁l	页岩	6.45	3.00	0.13	33	2.74	0.15	16	—	—	—	—	2.84	2.86	2.84
WLJK	武隆江口	S₁l	页岩	4.22	3.02	0.09	32	2.75	0.11	28	—	—	—	—	2.86	2.88	2.86
NCSQ	南川三泉	S₁l	页岩	0.80	3.09	0.22	7	3.01	0	1	—	—	—	—	2.92	3.15	3.19	3.01
XXDH15-1	西乡大河坝	S₁l	页岩	2.95	3.18	0.17	19	2.78	0.59	7	—	—	—	—	3.01	2.91	2.89
XXDHH-2		S₁l	页岩	2.64	3.12	0.20	18	2.90	0.34	23	—	一	一	—	2.95	3.04	3.05
TJNSH	通江诺水河	S₁l	页岩	4.50	3.38	0.14	22	3.21	0.14	5	2.11	0.03	2	—	3.20	3.37	3.46	3.21
WLHY	武隆黄莺	O₃W	页岩	3.79	3.40	0.08	23	2.7	0.49	23	—	—	—	—	3.22	2.82	2.79
CNSH	长宁双河	S₁l	页岩	3.30	3.64	0.10	21	3.23	0.54	15	—	—	—	—	3.44	3.39	3.49
SZQL	石柱漆辽	S₁l	页岩	5.57	3.65	0.10	37	3.06	0.15	9	2.47	0.19	18	—	3.45	3.21	3.26	3.06
注：EqVR_o-1、EqVR_o-2、EqVR_o-3、EqVR_o-4和EqVR_o-5的注释同表 1.

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表 3 基于固体沥青反射率的等效镜质体反射率换算公式

Table 3. Equivalent vitrinite reflectance conversion formulas (solid bitumen)

转换关系式	研究地区	适用条件	来源
EqVR_o＝0.656 9 BR_o+0.336 4(自然样品)	四川盆地含有镜质体和沥青组分的二叠系和三叠系	BR_o＜5.0%	丰国秀和陈盛吉(1988)
EqVR_o＝0.711 9 BR_o+0.308 8(热模拟)	油页岩热模拟(乌鲁木齐二叠系和抚顺第三系)
EqVR_o＝0.679 BR_o+0.319 5(校正后)	自然演化和热模拟样品结果拟合
EqVR_o＝0.618 BR_o+0.4	根据世界各地30个同时含有沥青和镜质体的样品中“低反射”沥青反射率数据	VR_o＜2.5%	Jacob (1989)
EqVR_o＝(BR_o+0.41)/1.09	加拿大西部和美国南部油砂露头样品	VR_o＜5.0%	Landis and Castaño (1995)
EqVR_o＝0.668 BR_o+0.346	根据BR_o与VR_o的对比实验结果，引用地质剖面储层固体沥青反射率与镜质体反射率的实测结果获得	VR_o＜4.0% 碳酸盐岩	刘德汉和史继扬(1994)
EqVR_o＝(BR_o+0.244 3)/1.049 5	综合Jacob(1989)和Landis and Castaño (1995)数据获得 South Oman Salt Basin下寒武统碳酸盐岩储层固体沥青应用	VR_o＜5.0%	Schoenherr et al. (2007)
EqVR_o＝(BR_o+0.03)/0.96	加拿大Gaspe Peninsula东北部古生界海相灰岩地层	灰岩	Bertrand(1990)
EqVR_o＝(BR_o-0.13)/0.87	加拿大Gaspe Peniinsula, Mingan Archipelago-Anticosti Island, Central St.LawrenceLowlands, Mackenzie Area古生界	灰岩	Bertrand(1993)
类似于Jacob (1989) EqVR_o＝0.277 BR_o+0.57	西加盆地下侏罗统“Nordegg Member”泥灰岩-钙质泥岩沥青反射率与从白垩系地层成熟度梯度外推的镜质体反射率获得	BR_o ≤0.52% BR_o>0.52 % Ⅰ/Ⅱ含硫烃源岩	Riediger (1993)
BR_{o_max}＝-0.519+1.341 VR_{o_max}- 0.097 7 (VR_{o_max})²+0.015 1(VR_{o_max})³	瑞士Alps二叠系-三叠系	0.2＜BR_{o_max}＜8.0 沥青最大反射率	Ferreiro Mählmann and Frey(2012)
EqVR_o＝(BR_o-0.059)/0.936	加拿大Gaspe Peninsula泥盆系共存均质镜质体与几丁虫以几丁虫反射率为中间变量获得二者关系	VR_o＞1.5% 焦沥青	Bertrand and Malo (2001)
EqVR_o＝0.811 3 BR_o^1.243⁸ EqVR_o＝1.250 3 BR_o^0.904	根据加拿大Hudson Bay盆地上古生界海相地层同时含有镜质体和沥青的样品结合Bertrand(1990, 1993)、 Bertrand et al.(2003)和Bertrand and Malo (2001)数据获得	页岩/泥灰岩灰岩运移沥青	Bertrand and Malo(2012)

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表 4 基于笔石和镜状体的等效镜质体反射率换算公式

Table 4. Equivalent vitrinite reflectance conversion formulas (graptolite and vitrinite-like maceral)

	换算公式	研究地区	适用条件	来源
笔石	lgGR_o＝1.1 lgEqVR_o-0.04	加拿大东部Gaspe地区泥盆系	GR_o＜3%？	Bertrand (1990)
	EqVR_o＝0.937 6 GR_o+0.027 8或EqVR_o＝0.968 6 GR_o^0.981⁹	加拿大GaspeBelt盆地和HudsonBay盆地古生界页岩	GR_o＜3%	Bertrand and Malo (2001 , 2012)
	EqVR_o=(GR_{o_max}+0.322 1)/2.113	下扬子江苏地区钻井奥陶系-志留系牙形石色变指数作为中间变量	GR_{o_max}＜5.0%	祝幼华等(1998)
	EqVR_o＝-0.026 GR_o²+0.524 GR_o+0.592 5 EqVR_o＝0.508 9 GR_{o_max}+0.406 4 EqVR_o＝0.416 8 GR_{o_max}-0.465 5	塔里木盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地、江苏等地区奥陶系-志留系有机地球化学等综合分析指标为中介	笔石随机反射率0.72%＜GR_{o_max}＜4.27% 5%＜GR_{o_max}＜9.21%	曹长群等(2000)
	EqVR_o=0.73 GR_o+0.16	北欧斯堪的纳维亚中寒武系-下志留统以T_max作为中间变量	GR_o＜2.2%	Petersenet al. (2013)
	EqVR_o=0.785 GR_o+0.05	罗马尼亚Moesian Platform志留系同层位Tasmanites荧光	GR_o＜2.5%	Colţoiet al. (2016)
镜状体	EqVR_o＝0.461 VLMR_o+0.75	爱沙尼亚奥陶系Kukersite油页岩和相近成熟度褐煤热模拟	0.73% < VR_o < 2.0%	程顶胜等(1995)
	EqVR_o＝1.26 VLMR_o+0.21 EqVR_o＝0.28 VLMR_o+1.03 EqVR_o＝0.81 VLMR_o+0.18	塔里木盆地寒武系和奥陶系海相烃源岩自然演化序列石炭系低成熟度海相烃源岩热模拟	VLMR_o < 0.75% 0.75% < VLMR_o < 1.5% VLMR_o>1.5%	刘祖发等(1999) Xiaoet al.(2000)
	EqVR_o＝0.533 VLMR_o+0.667	爱沙尼亚奥陶系Kukersite油页岩和黄县褐煤热模拟残渣	1.0% < VR_o < 2.0%	王飞宇等(1996)
	EqVR_o＝0.917 VLMR_o+0.181 9 EqVR_o＝0.845 2 VLMR_o+0.375 6	南美Paraná盆地古生界Ponta Grossa组泥盆系钻孔和下泥盆系露头样品	VLMR_o≤0.75% 0.75% < VLMR_o≤1.50%	Schmidtet al. (2015)

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