Constraints of Authigenic Clay Minerals on Deep Reservoirs in Wenchang A Sag
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摘要: 目前关于自生粘土矿物对深层孔隙结构及油气运聚的影响方面的研究十分薄弱.综合利用铸体薄片、全岩XRD、扫描电镜、恒速压汞等测试手段，分析自生粘土矿物对孔隙连通性、孔喉直径及其分布的影响，并结合埋藏史和生烃史探讨了低渗透砂岩不同孔隙结构类型的油气差异富集条件.珠海组深部储层压实作用较强，自生粘土矿物含量较高.碎屑颗粒以线接触-凹凸接触为主，识别出"孔隙+粗喉道"和"喉道主控"2种孔隙结构类型，前者孔隙体积和粗喉道占比较高，后者主要以细喉道为主；自生粘土矿物分割占据大量孔喉空间，自生伊利石主要为孔喉充填型，自生绿泥石主要为颗粒包壳型；珠海组储层与下渐新统恩平组烃源岩不整合接触形成纵向"下生上储"、横向连续分布的有利源储组合，烃源岩持续生烃.珠海组是典型的深埋藏碎屑岩低渗储层，仍具备良好的储集条件，储层发育受机械压实作用和自生粘土矿物共同控制；压实作用是原生孔隙损失的初始因素，以绿泥石和伊利石为代表的自生粘土矿物高度发育是制约优质储层发育的关键因素.Abstract: The research on the impacts of authigenic clay minerals on pore throat structure and hydrocarbon migration and accumulation is very weak.In this study, impacts of authigenic clay on pore connectivity, pore-throat size and its distribution were investigated for the resulting impacts on hydrocarbon accumulation and percolation in order to find out the genetic mechanism of tight sandstones in Oligocene Zhuhai Formation of Wenchang A Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin.Thin slice identification, whole rock X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy and rate-controlled mercury injection were employed to characterize authigenic clay and its physical property.Source-reservoir assemblages were studied based on burial history and hydrocarbon-generating history of underlying source rocks.Two types were distinguished as "pore combined with throat" and "fine diameter throat-controlling".The former contains more interparticle pores and thick throat, while the latter contains mainly narrow throat.Mechanical compaction led to primary porosity lost and authigenic clay-related pores gradually played a significant role in controlling pore structure of tight sandstone reservoirs.There is very little difference in porosity and wide distribution in permeability between the two pore structure types.The unconformity contact between reservoirs and source rocks forms a favorable source-storage combination for lateral continuous distribution, and the source rocks have been generating hydrocarbon constantly.Mechanical compaction and authigenic clay are considered to be control factors affecting reservoir property and hydrocarbon enrichment for the following reasons:the pore structure and permeability are chiefly controlled by fine diameter of pore and throat as well as complex relation between pore and throat, the underlying source rocks have been providing constant driving force and hydrocarbon supply.Zhuhai Formation serves a representative example for deep buried tight sandstone reservoir.
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图 2 珠海组深部储层主要矿物与孔隙度相关关系
Fig. 2. Relations between porosity and the content of mineral components from XRD results
图 3 珠海组深部储层主要矿物与渗透率相关关系
Fig. 3. Relations between permeability and the content of mineral components from XRD results
图 4 珠海组深部储层微观孔隙结构
a.B2井3860.90m，碎屑颗粒不完全溶蚀；b.B1井3761.75m，长石颗粒不同程度溶蚀，见粒内溶孔；c.B1井3763.50m，残余粒间孔发育，连通性较差，见粒内溶孔及原生粘土质颗粒；d.B2井3752.75m，颗粒线接触处及孔隙衬里绿泥石包壳发育(红色箭头处)，石英加大边覆盖绿泥石包壳生长(黑色箭头处)；e.A3井3991.00m，碎屑颗粒线-凹凸接触处及孔隙衬里自生绿泥石包壳发育；f.A4井3664.82m，碎屑颗粒线-凹凸接触部位自生粘土包壳发育，基本无可视孔隙；g.A2井3768.30m，粗砂岩颗粒间线接触，见粒内溶孔与残余粒间孔孤立分布；h.A2井3 677.10m，颗粒线-凹凸接触，接触部位见自生粘土包壳；i.A2井3779.00m，颗粒线-凹凸接触，接触部位绿泥石包壳发育(红色箭头处)，石英加大边覆盖绿泥石包壳生长(黑色箭头处)
Fig. 4. Micropore characteristics of Zhuhai Formation in study area
图 5 珠海组深部低渗储层自生粘土矿物显微特征
a.A1井3767.90m，细砂岩，丝毛状伊利石充填粒间孔；b.A3井3991.03m，细砂岩，栉壳状绿泥石覆盖颗粒表面；c.A3井3796.53m，细砂岩，丝毛状伊利石充填粒间孔；d.B4井3683.33m，粗砂岩，片状伊利石充填溶蚀孔；e.B1井3760.83m，细砂岩，碎屑颗粒表面及粒间，针叶状绿泥石与少量丝毛状伊利石共生；f.B2井3870.00m，中砂岩，片状伊利石及自生石英充填粒间孔.扫描电镜实验在中海油湛江分公司研究院实验中心和中国地质大学(武汉)构造与油气教育部重点实验室完成
Fig. 5. SEM images of authigenic clay minerals in deep low permeability reservoir of Zhuhai Formation
图 6 珠海组深部低渗砂岩样品恒速压汞进汞曲线
Fig. 6. Mercury intrusion curves measured by rate-controlled mercury porosimetry, Zhuhai Formation
图 7 珠海组深部低渗砂岩样品恒速压汞测试统计结果
恒速压汞测试在中海油湛江分公司研究院实验中心完成
Fig. 7. Statistical results of rate-controlled mercury intrusion, Zhuhai Formation
图 8 文昌A凹陷渐新统埋藏史、生烃史及油气聚集
Fig. 8. Buried history, hydrocarbon generation and accumulation history of Oligocene in WenchangASag
表 1 珠海组全岩X射线衍射定量分析
Table 1. Statistical data of quantitative analysis measured by whole-rock X-ray diffraction, Zhuhai Formation
井号 深度
(m)岩性 石英
(%)长石
(%)碳酸盐矿物
(%)粘土总量
(%)相对含量(%) 伊利石 绿泥石 伊/蒙混层 A1 3 763.47 中砂岩 62 19 7 12 57 12 14 3 766.08 中砂岩 65 14 7 14 57 11 12 A2 3 797.73 粗砂岩 64.7 18.1 1.7 15.5 12 49 39 3 851.72 细砂岩 71.4 11.3 2.3 12.5 15 52 33 A3 3 789.35 中砂岩 61 13.9 3.1 20.3 14 27 59 3 980.06 细砂岩 58.1 20.8 5 16.1 11 69 20 B1 3 753.71 细砂岩 63.3 11.9 5.8 11.2 28.5 47.4 24.1 3 756.20 细砂岩 63.8 12.1 6.3 13.1 48.8 25.7 25.5 B2 3 752.78 粉砂岩 65 22 1 12 0 67 33 3 758.71 粉砂岩 61 28 0 11 0 51 49 注：XRD在中海油湛江分公司研究院实验中心和中国地质大学
(武汉)构造与油气教育部重点实验室共同完成.
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表 2 文昌A凹陷珠海组深部储层物性
Table 2. Porosity and permeability of deep reservoir from Zhuhai Formation in Wenchang A Sag
井号 深度(m) 岩性 渗透率(10-3μm2) 孔隙度(%) 井号 深度(m) 岩性 渗透率(10-3μm2) 孔隙度(%) A1 3 759.75 粗砂岩 1.17 12.30 A4 3 667.59 粗砂岩 28.70 10.10 A1 3 760.79 粗砂岩 4.69 9.90 A4 3 668.08 粗砂岩 7.85 8.26 A1 3 769.53 粗砂岩 2.04 12.80 B1 3 654.31 细砂岩 3.16 12.90 A1 3 866.06 粗砂岩 10.11 7.60 B1 3 656.18 细砂岩 6.75 11.68 A1 3 963.45 粗砂岩 0.08 5.90 B1 3 753.71 细砂岩 1.45 14.13 A2 3 705.40 粗砂岩 7.87 9.51 B1 3 755.62 细砂岩 0.28 10.11 A2 3 797.60 细砂岩 2.51 9.47 B1 3 758.10 细砂岩 0.54 13.30 A2 3 803.39 细砂岩 0.56 8.58 B1 3 761.44 细砂岩 1.56 10.72 A2 3 851.45 细砂岩 4.61 9.75 B2 3 752.45 细砂岩 45.78 12.21 A2 3 852.26 细砂岩 0.73 10.48 B2 3 869.98 细砂岩 6.31 14.40 A3 3 721.51 粗砂岩 2.61 15.84 B2 3 982.23 细砂岩 0.84 9.18 A3 3 784.59 粗砂岩 0.87 6.31 B3 3 600.42 粗砂岩 12.50 13.30 A3 3 789.35 中砂岩 12.60 6.31 B3 3 608.30 粗砂岩 11.10 12.80 A3 3 980.06 细砂岩 10.88 3.27 B3 3 775.43 细砂岩 2.23 9.10 A3 3 996.69 细砂岩 1.61 7.37 B3 3 781.94 细砂岩 0.19 3.50 A4 3 653.48 细砂岩 1.20 10.30 B4 3 683.56 粗砂岩 10.13 12.17 A4 3 654.07 细砂岩 16.60 9.90 B4 3 686.85 粗砂岩 2.19 10.27 A4 3 662.44 中砂岩 1.32 7.82 B4 3 687.43 粗砂岩 14.80 13.47 A4 3 666.84 细砂岩 16.60 8.58 B4 3 689.34 细砂岩 1.04 8.23 注：物性分析在中海油湛江分公司研究院实验中心完成，孔隙度为气测孔隙度，渗透率为气测渗透率.
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