Petrogenesis and Magmatic Evolution of Highly Fractionated Granite and Their Constraints on Sn-(Li-Rb-Nb-Ta) Mineralization in the Weilasituo Deposit, Inner Mongolia, Southern Great Xing'an Range, China
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摘要: 近年来，大兴安岭南段维拉斯托矿区深部Sn-Li找矿取得重大突破，但人们目前对与成矿作用密切相关的深部花岗岩体成因与演化及其对稀有金属矿化存在怎样的制约尚不清楚.为此，针对该岩体开展了年代学、地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成研究，获得的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄为130.7±0.5 Ma（MSWD=0.53），属早白垩世岩浆活动产物.化学组成上表现为高硅、富碱（高钠），贫钙、镁、铁和极低P2O5（< 0.01%）含量特征，铝饱和指数（A/CNK）集中于1.02~1.08，全岩Rb/Sr、Nb/Ta比值高，Zr/Hf比值低（< 4）.岩体富Cs、Rb、Th、U、Nb、Ta以及Li、F等元素，亏损Ba、Sr、Ti和稀土元素，轻重稀土比值小，并具显著的四分组效应和Eu负异常（δEu=0.02~0.15），锆石饱和温度（691~727℃）和Zr+Nb+Ce+Y含量均低于A型花岗岩，以上综合特征反映其应属准铝-弱过铝质高分异I型花岗岩类.岩体具正的εNd（t）（+1.10~+3.75）值和相对均一的εHf（t）（+4.2~+8.7）以及年轻的二阶段模式年龄（T（Nd）DMC=607~829 Ma；T（Hf）DMC=627~914 Ma），说明成矿岩体的岩浆源区可能来自于含大量幔源组分新生下地壳的部分熔融.Sn-（稀有）成矿受岩浆后期的高度分异演化和晚期流体-熔体相互作用共同影响，并与外围的脉状矿体共同构成岩浆-热液成矿系统.Abstract: In recent years, great breakthroughs have been made in the deep Sn-Li prospecting in the Weilasituo area of the southern of Great Xing'an Range. However, the genesis and evolution of deep hidden rock mass closely related to the mineralization has not been studied in depth. In this paper, this cancealed granite was selected as example for a detailed geochronological, geochemical and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic composition study in order to elucidate their petrogenesis. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon age for Weilasituo pluton was 130.7±0.5 Ma (MSWD=0.53), indicating that it was generated in Early Cretaceous. Chemically, Weilasituo granite is metaluminous-(weakly) peraluminous (A/CNK concentrated in the range of 1.02-1.08), which shows high contents of silica, alkalis and natrium, low abundances of calcium, magnesium, iron and extremely low P2O5(< 0.01%), with high Rb/Sr, Nb/Ta and low Zr/Hf ratios. They are also enriched in Cs, Rb, Th, U, Nb, Ta, Li, F and depleted in Ba, Sr, Ti, REE elements with low LREE/HREE ratios and obviously negative Eu abnormality (δEu=0.02-0.15). Zircon saturation temperatures (691-727℃) and Zr+Nb+Ce+Y contents of Weilasituo pluton are less than those of the low-limit values of the A-type granite. Integrated geological and geochemical data suggest that the pluton was highly fractionated I-type granite. The granite has positive εNd(t)(+1.10-+3.75) and relatively high εHf(t)(+4.2-+8.7) and young two-stage Nd and Hf model ages (T(Nd)DMC=607-829 Ma; T(Hf)DMC=627-914 Ma), suggesting that the rock was dominantly derived from the partial melting of a juvenile lower crust with a mass of mantle magma mixed into the crust, followed by fractional crystallization during magma ascent. The Sn-(rare-metal) mineralization of the pluton was controlled jointly both by high fractionation of the magma and fluid-melt interaction during the late stage. A complete magmatic-hydrothermal system was revealed by the Sn-(rare-metal) mineralization granite with the surrounding vein ore bodies.
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图 1 大兴安岭南段大地构造位置图(a)及维拉斯托-拜仁达坝矿田地质简图(b)
图a据Wang et al.(2017)修改；图b底图据Liu et al.(2016)修改；1.第四系；2.上侏罗统满克头鄂博组流纹岩；3.中侏罗统万宝山组泥岩；4.上二叠统林西组粉砂质板岩；5.下二叠统大石寨组砂岩；6.上石炭统阿木山组碳酸盐岩；7.上石炭统本巴图组海相碎屑岩；8.古元古界黑云斜长片麻岩；9.早白垩世花岗斑岩和石英二长花岗岩；10.早白垩世中细粒花岗岩；11.石炭纪石英闪长岩；12.断层；13.复式背斜；14.脉状矿体；15.矿床
Fig. 1. Sketch map showing the location of southern Great Xing'an Range (a), the simplified geological map of the Weilasituo and Bairendaba ore deposits (b)
图 2 维拉斯托北部的Sn-Zn矿区地质简图(a)和15勘探线成矿岩体及成矿元素垂向分带(b、c)
图a据Wang et al.(2017)修改；图b和图c钻孔数据来自内蒙古维拉斯托矿业有限责任公司, 2013, 内蒙古自治区克什克腾旗维拉斯托矿区锡多金属矿勘探报告；1.第四系；2.元古界黑云斜长片麻岩；3.角砾岩筒；4.石英闪长岩；5.似斑状铁叶云母钠长石花岗岩带；6.含天河石铁锂云母钠长石花岗岩带；7.天河石铁锂云母钠长石花岗岩带；8.含黄玉铁锂云母钠长石花岗岩带；9.强云英岩化花岗岩；10.黄玉铁锂云母花岗似伟晶岩壳；11.脉状矿体；12.岩性或蚀变分带界线；13.测年样品
Fig. 2. The simplified geological map of the Sn-Zn deposit in the north of Weilasituo (a), cross section of the No.15 exploration line at Weilasituo showing the vertical zonation of the granite (b and c)
图 3 维拉斯托岩体典型岩性手标本及镜下岩相学显微特征
a.灰白色似斑状铁叶云母钠长石花岗岩；b.淡蓝绿色的含天河石铁锂云母钠长石花岗岩；c.蓝绿色的天河石铁锂云母钠长石花岗岩，可见蓝绿色的天河石斑晶；d、g.叠加云英岩化的天河石铁锂云母钠长石花岗岩，发育小团块状黝锡矿、闪锌矿矿化；e.含萤石细脉体的天河石铁锂云母钠长石花岗岩；f.石英+铁锂云母+黝锡矿±闪锌矿平直脉，脉体两侧强云英岩化蚀变，天河石表现不明显；h.岩体上部沿裂隙充填的石英+铁锂云母±黝锡矿±闪锌矿宽脉体，片状铁锂云母直径可达1~2 cm；i、j.糖粒状的黄玉铁锂云母花岗似伟晶岩及其镜下显微特征(正交偏光)；k.似斑状钠长石花岗岩，石英斑晶内部含有自形钠长石和铁锂云母包裹体；l.天河石铁锂云母钠长石花岗岩，天河石包裹钠长石晶体，石英边部被细粒他形钠长石交代形成熔蚀结构；m.强云英岩化蚀变叠加的天河石铁锂云母钠长石花岗岩，石英+铁锂云母微细脉体围绕天河石充填并交代天河石斑晶；n.铁锂云母钠长石花岗岩，钠长石斑晶自形，具聚片双晶，铁锂云母斑晶多被钠长石熔蚀交代；o.天河石铁锂云母钠长石花岗岩中具有“拖尾”构造的石英斑晶；p.含黄玉铁锂云母钠长石花岗岩中显微晶洞构造，晶洞多被石英+铁锂云母±黄玉±黝锡矿充填；Qz.石英；Ab.钠长石；Am.天河石；Zin.铁锂云母；Top.黄玉；Sid.铁叶云母；FI.萤石；所有照片均在正交偏光下拍摄
Fig. 3. Photographs and photomicrographs of representative rock types and minerlization at the Weilasituo pluton
图 4 维拉斯托含铁锂云母天河石钠长石花岗岩微区X射线荧光光谱成像
Qz.石英；Ab.钠长石；Am.天河石；Zin.铁锂云母
Fig. 4. XRF imaging of the zinnwalditein-amazonite-albite granite in the Weilasituo pluton
图 5 铁锂云母、钠长石、天河石及绿柱石的LA-ICPMS时间分辨率剖面
Qz.石英；Ab.钠长石；Am.天河石；Zin.铁锂云母；Ber.绿柱石；Cas.锡石
Fig. 5. Representative single-spot LA-ICPMS spectra for selected elements in zinnwaldite, albite, amazonite and beryl of the Weilasituo pluton
图 6 维拉斯托岩体部分锆石的CL图像(a)及U-Pb谐和图(b)
Fig. 6. CL images of representative zircons (a) and zircon U-Pb concordia diagrams (b) from the Weilasituo pluton
图 7 维拉斯托岩体SiO2-(Na2O+K2O)分类图(a)及A/CNK-A/NK图解(b)
图a据Middlemost(1994)修改，图中碱性与亚碱性分界线据Irvine and Baragar(1971)；图b据Maniar and Piccoli(1989)修改
Fig. 7. SiO2-(Na2O+K2O) diagram (a) and A/CNK-A/NK plot (b) of the Weilasituo pluton
图 8 维拉斯托岩体稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分曲线(a)及微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图(b)
图a标准化数值据Boynton(1984)；图b标准化数值据McDonough and Sun(1995)
Fig. 8. Chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns (a) and primitive mantle-normalized trace element spidergrams (b) of the Weilasituo pluton
图 9 维拉斯托成矿岩体的锆石εHf(t) vs. U-Pb年龄图解(a)及εNd(t) vs. TDMC值图解(b)
a.兴蒙造山带东段及燕山褶冲带数据引自Yang et al.(2006)，Xiao et al.(2004)和Chen et al.(2009)；b.兴蒙造山带及兴蒙造山带中的微陆块数据洪大卫等(2000)；法国海西花岗岩引自Downes et al.(1997)；喜马拉雅花岗岩数据引自Vidal et al.(1984)
Fig. 9. Plot of εHf(t) versus U-Pb ages (a) and εNd(t) versus TDMC (b) diagrams for the Weilasituo pluton
图 10 维拉斯托成矿岩体锆石εHf(t)值(a)和二阶段Hf模式年龄(TDMC)频数分布直方图(b)
Fig. 10. Histograms of zircon εHf(t) values (a) and two-stage Hf model ages (TDMC) (b) of the Weilasituo granite pluton
图 11 大兴安岭南段典型锡多金属矿床及铌钽等稀有金属矿床的成岩与成矿年龄分布
图中相关年龄引用情况：黄岗梁Sn-Zn-Fe矿床，据周振华等(2010)、Zhou et al.(2012)、翟德高等(2012)；安乐Ag-Sn-W矿床，据Wang et al.(2001)、赵一鸣和张德全(1997)；维拉斯托Sn-(稀有)矿床，据本文、刘翼飞等(2014)、祝新友等(2016)、郭贵娟(2016)、Wang et al.(2017)、刘瑞麟等(2018a)；巴尔哲Nb-Y-Ta稀有金属矿床，据王一先和赵振华(1997)；赵井沟Nb-Ta矿床，据高允等(2017)；大井Sn-Cu-Pb-Zn矿床，据Ishiyama et al.(2008)、江思宏等(2012)、廖震等(2014)；白音查干Sn多金属矿床，据姚磊等(2017)；宝盖沟Sn矿床，据王国政(2002)
Fig. 11. The chronology of regional Sn-(Nb-Ta) rich intrusions and typical Sn-polymetallic deposits in the south segment of the Great Xing'an Range
图 12 维拉斯托矿床高分异I型花岗岩成因类型判别图解
a~c.地球化学散点图；图d、f中I、S、M和A分别代表I型、S型、M型和A型花岗岩；OGT代表未分异的I型、S型和M型花岗岩区；FG代表分异的I型花岗岩区；图d和f底图据Whalen et al.(1987)；图d中的绿色和红色虚线区域据吴福元等(2017)；图e底图据Sylvester(1989)；图中实心符号为本文资料，空心符号为收集资料，据祝新友等(2016)、Wang et al.(2017)、Zhou et al.(2012)、姚磊等(2017)
Fig. 12. Various chemical discrimination diagrams for the highly fractionated I-type granite of the Weilasituo ore deposit
图 13 维拉斯托岩体分离结晶作用过程判别图解
图a中Sr、Ba在斜长石中的分配系数引自Blundy and Shimizu(1991)，在其余矿物中的分配系数据Ewart and Griffin(1994)；分异趋势线上的数字代表分离结晶程度，PlAn10.斜长石(An=10)，PlAn50.斜长石(An=50).Kfs.钾长石；Bi.黑云母；Amp.角闪石；Zr.锆石；Sph.榍石；Ap.磷灰石；Mon.独居石；Allan.褐帘石；图例同图 12h
Fig. 13. Discrimination diagrams showing the fractional crystallization process of the Weilasituo granite pluton
图 14 维拉斯托岩体不同岩性相带标准矿物成分在Qz-Ab-Or体系中的演化趋势
实心圈代表Manning(1981)所做的Qz-Ab-Or-H2O-F体系实验中1 kbar条件下最低温熔体成分：M0.无F体系最低点；M1、M2和M3分别为含F量在1%、2%和4%时的最低点；图例同图 12h
Fig. 14. Variation of the representative rock types of Weilasituo granite pluton in normative Qz-Ab-Or system
图 15 维拉斯托矿床成矿岩体结晶分异演化、热液蚀变及矿化阶段的耦合关系
图中北大山和磨盘山岩体年龄数据刘翼飞(2009)、Wang et al.(2017)、刘瑞麟等(2018a)；维拉斯托成矿岩体数据来自本文和祝新友等(2016)；锡石U-Pb年龄引自Wang et al.(2017)、刘瑞麟等(2018a)；辉钼矿Re-Os年龄翟德高等(2016)
Fig. 15. The relative age relationships of magmatic, alteration, and mineralization events at the Weilasituo deposit
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