Comprehensive Prediction of Shale Oil Sweet Spots Based on Geophysical and Geochemical Data: A Case Study of the Paleogene Hetaoyuan Formation, Biyang Depression, China
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摘要: 我国页岩油气勘探开发不断取得实质性进展，有望成为未来油气资源的重要接替能源.而提高页岩油储层钻遇率和油气产量的关键是甜点区的预测和评价.以泌阳凹陷核桃园组三段5号富有机质页岩层为研究对象，综合利用多种地球物理方法和地球化学指标，通过岩相、含油性、储集条件和地层压力等关键评价参数分析，探讨了综合信息叠合的页岩油甜点区预测方法.研究表明：（1）脆性矿物含量普遍大于50%，以灰质页岩和粘土质页岩夹粉砂质页岩为主的岩相是页岩油赋存的优势岩相；（2）低自由烃差值和高含油饱和指数均指示高含量游离态页岩油，指示了页岩含油性最好区域；（3）夹层主要发育在深凹区周缘，断裂控制的相互重叠区域或派生断裂控制区微裂缝更为发育；（4）异常高压对页岩油微距离运移和富集的影响较大；（5）基于不同参数门槛值对页岩储层进行综合评价划分，采用综合信息叠合法预测出3类甜点区.本文为多参数综合评价和识别陆相页岩油甜点区提供了有效范例，对指导陆相页岩油勘探具有重要的实践意义.Abstract: Shale oil and gas exploration and development in China makes substantive progress, and is likely to be an important successor for oil and gas resources in the future. And the key to improve the drilling encounter rate and oil and gas yield of shale oil is prediction and evaluation of sweet spot.In this paper, taking the 5th organic-matter-rich interval (ORI 5) in the third Member of the Paleogene Hetaoyuan Formation in the Biyang Depression, the key performance indicators are applied to map out sweet spots across the deep depression by comprehensive analysis of various geophysical and geochemical methods. The key indicators are based on a limited number of shale properties, such as lithofacies, oil content, reservoir conditions, and formation pressure. The results show that:(1) The content of brittle minerals is generally larger than 50%, and the calcareous shales and argillaceous shales with silty shales interlayers are advantageous lithofacies for shale oil storage; (2) The indexes of OSI values >200 mg/g TOC and △S1 values < -2 mg/g Rock indicate the higher content of free shale oil; (3) The interlayer is mainly developed in the periphery of the deep depression, and microfracture is more developed in the derived fracture controlled zones and overlapping areas controlled by faults; (4) Overpressure may have greater impact on the small scale migration and enrichment of shale oil; (5) Shale reservoirs are evaluated based on threshold values of various indicators, and three types of sweet spots are predicted. This paper provides a valid example for comprehensive evaluation and identification of continental shale oil sweet spots using multi-parameters, and has important practical significance for guiding the shale oil exploration.
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Key words:
- sweet spot /
- continental shale oil /
- organic-rich shale /
- Hetaoyuan Formation /
- Biyang Depression /
- petroleum geology
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图 1 泌阳凹陷构造单元划分及研究区位置
Fig. 1. Structural units of the Biyang Depression and location of the study area
图 2 泌阳凹陷沉积充填及富有机质页岩层分布
Fig. 2. Generalized stratigraphic column and organic-rich intervals distribution of the Biyang Depression
图 3 泌阳凹陷5号页岩层页岩有机碳含量等值线图(a)、含油饱和指数等值线图(b)、自由烃差值平面等值线图(c)和平均地层压力等值线图(d)
Fig. 3. The TOC contents isoline (a), OSI values isoline (b), ΔS1 values isoline (c), and formation pressure isoline (d) of ORI 5 in Biyang Depression
图 4 泌阳凹陷5号页岩层岩相平面分布图(a)和裂缝发育区综合预测(b)
Fig. 4. Lithofacies(a) and fracture distribution(b) of ORI 5 in Biyang Depression
图 5 泌阳凹陷5号页岩层脆性矿物含量(a)和夹层厚度(b)等值线图
Fig. 5. The brittle mineral contents isoline(a) and interlayer thickness isoline(b) of ORI 5 in Biyang Depression
图 6 泌阳凹陷核三段5号页岩层页岩岩心、薄片和扫描电镜观察结果
a.粉砂质页岩，粉砂和粘土纹层互层，C2井，2 821.57 m；b.纹层接触面近平行裂缝发育，BYHF 1井，2 446.5 m；c, d.粒间孔内烃类充填，BYHF 1井，2 427.55 m；e, f.方解石溶蚀孔内烃类充填，C2井，2 800.32 m.图c~f据张文昭(2014)
Fig. 6. Core, slice, and SEM observation results of ORI 5 in Biyang Depression
图 7 BYHF1井(a)和B364井(b)声波时差与深度关系；BYHF1井5号页岩层地层压力与含油饱和指数和孔隙度对应关系(c)和5号页岩层厚度等值线图(d)
Fig. 7. The relationship between depth and acoustic time data from Well BYHF 1 (a) and Well B364 (b), well correlation between overpressure, OSI and porosity values in ORI 5(c) and thickness isoline of ORI 5 in Biyang Depression(d)
表 1 泌阳凹陷深凹区5号页岩层甜点区综合评价
Table 1. Sweet spot evaluation of ORI 5 in Biyang Depression
指标 Ⅰ类甜点区 Ⅱ类甜点区 Ⅲ类甜点区 含油饱和指数(mg/g TOC) > 300 > 300 > 200 自由烃差值(mg/g Rock) < -4.0 < -4.0 < -2.0 地层压力系数 1.28~1.32 > 1.28 > 1.20 夹层厚度(m) > 2 > 2 < 2 微裂缝 发育 不发育 不发育 脆性矿物(%) 63~67 63~67 > 60 岩相 灰质页岩 灰质页岩 灰质页岩 
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