Concept, Characteristics and Prospecting Significance of Fine-Grained Sedimentary Oil Gas in Terrestrial Lake Basin: A Case from the Second Member of Paleogene Kongdian Formation of Cangdong Sag, Bohai Bay Basin
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摘要: 陆相湖盆致密油气与传统致密油气和页岩油气有相关性，也体现出较大的差异性.通过对渤海湾盆地沧东凹陷孔店组二段（孔二段）优质"生油岩"开展岩性、物性、生烃特性、含油性、脆性综合分析及勘探实践，发现了一种赋存于陆相湖盆细粒沉积岩（粒径小于62.5 μm）之中的油气，并提出了细粒岩油气的概念.细粒岩油气不同于传统的致密油气和页岩油气，具有以细粒沉积为主，主要发育碳酸盐岩、细粒长英沉积岩、细粒混合沉积岩3种岩类；纵向上表现为纹层状或块状沉积，平面上稳定分布；3种岩性均具备良好的生烃条件，均具有一定的储集空间，均有明显的含油气特征，脆性矿物含量均较高，具有较好的可压裂性.该类油气藏在空间上连续稳定分布，整体含油气，甜点段富集高产，通过分段分簇大型压裂改造，具备长期稳产的有利条件，是陆相湖盆非常规油气勘探的重点领域.Abstract: The tight oil and gas in terrestrial lacustrine basin shows great differences from the traditional tight/shale oil and gas.The second Member of Paleogene Kongdian Formation is an important souce rock of Cangdong Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, based on the comprehensive analysis of lithology, physical properties, hydrocarbon generation characteristics, oiliness, brittleness and exploration practice, an new oil gas reservoir was discovered in fine-grained sedimentary rocks in terrestrial lake basin, the concept of fine-grained sedimentary oil reservoir was proposed which is different from traditional tight oil gas and shale oil gas. Fine-grained sedimentary rock is mainly composed of carbonate rock, fine-grained feldspar-quartzose sedimentary rock and fine-grained mixed sedimentary rock and has the characteristic of vertically thin interbed deposits, stable plane distribution, fine hydrocarbon generation conditions, certain reservoir space, obvious hydrocarbon characteristics, high content of brittle minerals and good fracturability. These reservoirs are continuously and stably distributed in space, containing oil gas as a whole, and the dessert section is enriched, featuring high-yield. With favorable long-term stable production conditions through segmented clumps and fracturing reconstruction, it is the key areas for unconventional oil and gas exploration in terrestrial lake basin.
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图 1 沧东凹陷孔二段沉积体系及单井柱状图
Fig. 1. Deposition system and single well integrated histogram of the second member of Kongdian Formation in Cangdong Depression
图 2 沧东凹陷孔二段岩石矿物特征
a.3 359.76 m，3 000×，颗粒表面及粒间充填的自形石英和片状粘土矿物；b.3 381.38 m，15 000×，自生长石；c.3 382.41 m，4 000×，粒间充填方解石胶结物，少量丝缕状粘土矿物；d.2 935.31 m，12 000×，自形白云石；e.2 935.31 m，6 000×，粒间充填球粒状方沸石；f.2 985.72 m，22 000×，粘土矿物定向排列；g.3 294.66 m，8 000×，放射状黄铁矿
Fig. 2. Rock mineral characteristics of the second member of Kongdian Formation in Cangdong Depression
图 3 沧东凹陷孔二段细粒沉积岩岩相类型
a.细粒沉积岩三端元结构图; b.纹理结构细粒长英沉积岩，G108-8井，2 957.35 m; c.块状结构碳酸盐岩，G108-8井，3 162.77 m; d.纹理结构细粒混合沉积岩，G108-8井，3 040.55 m
Fig. 3. Petrography of fine-grained sedimentary rock of the second member of Kongdian Formation in Cangdong Depression
图 4 孔二段岩性组合特征
Fig. 4. Characteristics of lithologic combination of the second member of Kongdian Formation
图 5 沧东凹陷孔二段有机质丰度
Fig. 5. Organic abundance of the second member of Kongdian Formation in Cangdong Depression
图 6 细粒沉积岩储集空间特征
Fig. 6. Reservoir spatial characteristics of fine-grained sedimentary rock
图 7 细粒沉积岩荧光显示特征
a.沥青充填顺层微缝，黄色荧光; b.整体发褐色弱光，团块状有机质发蓝白色亮光; c.主体为棕褐色暗光与蓝黄色荧光交互，蓝黄色荧光为油质沥青; d.白云石晶隙发光，向晶体浸染; e.整体发深褐色暗荧光，溶蚀孔隙发蓝白色荧光; f.沥青充填构造裂缝(异常压力缝)、成岩缝; g.整体荧光分布均匀，主要为淡黄色亮荧光与蓝绿色中亮荧光; h.砂质颗粒不发光，基质中间条带状、片状有机质，发黄色亮光; i.片状顺层分布的胶磷矿发光
Fig. 7. Fluorescent display feature of fine-grained sedimentary rock
图 8 细粒沉积岩不同脆性指数之间的关系
Fig. 8. The combination of different brittleness index of fine-grained sedimentary rock
图 10 陆相湖盆细粒岩油气分布模式
Fig. 10. Oil and gas distribution mode of fine-grained sedimentary rock in continental lake basin
图 11 沧东凹陷孔二段细粒沉积岩油(藏)勘探成效
Fig. 11. Exploration effectiveness of fine-grained sedimentary oil gas of the second member of Kongdian Formation in Cangdong Depression
表 1 细粒岩油与致密油、页岩油地质特征对比
Table 1. Geological feature comparison among fine-grained sedimentary oil gas, tight oil and shale oil
条件与指标类型 致密油 页岩油 细粒岩油 沉积条件 盆地类型沉积环境 坳陷、克拉通为主海相、陆相 坳陷、前陆、断陷为主海相、海陆过渡相、陆相 断陷为主陆相 类型 Ⅰ、Ⅱ Ⅰ、Ⅱ1 Ⅰ~Ⅱ1为主，少量Ⅱ2 有机质 TOC 大于2%以上 大于2%以上 普遍大于1% Ro 0.6%~1.3% 0.6%~2.1% 0.6%~1.0% 粒度 0.003 9~0.25 mm 小于0.062 5 mm 小于0.062 5 mm 岩性 粉细砂岩、白云岩 泥页岩 细粒沉积岩 物性 结构差异 矿物分异度高 矿物分异度高 矿物分异度低 有效储 基质孔、溶蚀孔 层理缝、微裂缝为主； 基质孔为主、少量微裂缝 集空间 孔喉为40~900 nm 孔喉以20~700 nm为主，平均为520 nm 储集物性 孔隙度以8%~12%为主；大于1.0 ×10-3μm2的储集层占比大于70% 孔隙度为2%~5%为主；渗透率在0.001~1.0 ×10-3μm2之间 孔隙度为0.3%~13.2%为主，平均3.92%；渗透率为0.001~25.3 ×10-3μm2，平均为1.36 ×10-3μm2 运聚条件 运移特征 一次运移或短距离二次运移为主 经短距离运移 未运移 聚集动力 扩散为主、浮力作用受限 生烃增压 生烃增压 
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