Depositional Filling and Tectonic Settings of Provenance of Paleotethys Remnant Oceanic Basin in Zexue District, Tibet, China
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摘要: 古特提斯残留洋盆沉积学和构造背景研究对于揭示青藏高原形成演化及其成矿规律具有重要意义.综合野外实测剖面、典型露头、岩石薄片、生物地层学和沉积地球化学等资料，开展了西藏则学地区晚古生代古特提斯残留洋盆的深水盆地地层学、沉积学、沉积演化和物源区构造背景研究.研究结果表明，研究区发育的晚古生代地层以含砾粉砂岩和泥岩、细砂岩为主，砂体以席状和透镜状为主，沉积构造丰富，晚古生代饱粉组合特征明显.残留洋盆经历了陆坡-深水盆地-陆架三角洲-滨浅海盆地-滨岸三角洲-海湾盆地的沉积充填演化历程.主量元素组成和比值具有较低的Fe2O3+MgO（5.1%~10.0%）、TiO2（0.44%~0.84%）、Al2O3/SiO2（0.12~0.26），以及较高的K2O/Na2O.微量和稀土元素组成和比值具有较高的∑REE、LREE明显富集、较高的La/Yb、（Gd/Yb）N、（La/Yb）N比值、弱的Eu负异常特征.碎屑岩主量、微量和稀土元素组成均指示物源区具有活动大陆边缘和大陆岛弧性质，研究区晚古生代处于伸展背景下的陆缘裂陷环境，构造-岩浆活动和隆升作用较为强烈，且具有较为稳定的继承性演化特征.盆地沉积充填和演化记录了海平面逐渐下降、古特提斯残留洋盆逐渐封闭的过程.Abstract: The study of the sedimentology and tectonic settings of the Paleotethys remnant oceanic basins is of great significance to reveal the formation, evolution, and its regularity of ore formation of the Tibetan plateau. The paleotethys remnant oceanic basin in Zexue district is located in the Lhasa block in south Gangdese zone. Based on the data such as field measured profiles, typical outcrops, rock sections, biostratigraphy and depo-geochemistry, we conducted the study on deep-water basin stratigraphy, sedimentology, sedimentary evolution and provenance tectonic settings of the Late Paleozoic paleotethys remnant oceanic basin. Current research indicates that the Late Paleozoic strata developed in the study area are mainly composed of pebbled fine clastic rocks and sandstone, which include pebbled-siltstone, mudstone and sandstone. The sand body is dominated by sheetlike and lenticular form, rich sedimentary structure, and the obvious Late Paleozoic sporo-pollen combination. The remnant oceanic basin experienced the evolutionary phases of sedimentary filling, which from continental slope-, deepwater basin-, continental shelf delta-, littoral-shallow basin-, coastal delta, to bay basin. The clastic sediment geochemical composition and their ratios of the main elements have characteristic of the lower Fe2O3+MgO (5.1%-10.0%), TiO2 (0.44%-0.84%), Al2O3/SiO2 (0.12-0.26), and higher K2O/Na2O. The results of the composition of trace and rare elements show higher ∑REE, LREE, La/Yb, (Gd/Yb)N, (La/Yb)N ratio, and weak Eu negative anomaly. It suggests that the provenance area has the characteristics of active continental margin and the continental island arc. It is concluded that the tectonic-sedimentary background of the Late Paleozoic in study area was in the continental margin rifting in extension background, intensive tectonic-magmatic activities and uplift, and the characteristic of more stable inheritance evolution. Sedimentary filling and evolution of the basin recorded the gradual regression process and the closure of the remnant oceanic basins in the Paleotethys.
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Key words:
- sedimentary evolution /
- geochemistry /
- deep-water basin /
- Paleotethys /
- petroleum geology /
- Tibet /
- tectonics
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图 1 研究区位置及地层分区
Ⅵ.华南地层大区：Ⅵ1.巴彦喀拉地层区，Ⅵ2.羌北-昌都-思茅地层区；Ⅶ.藏滇地层大区：Ⅶ1.羌南-保山地层区，Ⅶ2.冈底斯-腾冲地层区，Ⅶ3.喜马拉雅地层区；Ⅷ.印度地层大区：Ⅷ1.西瓦里克地层区；BNSZ.班公湖-怒江缝合带；YZSZ.雅鲁藏布江缝合带；据夏代祥和刘世坤(2008)
Fig. 1. Location of the study area and the stratigraphic divition
图 2 研究区地质图及实测剖面位置
Fig. 2. The geological map and observed profiles location in study area
图 3 研究区晚古生代砂岩样品的镜下特征
a.中细粒石英杂砂岩，颗粒成分以石英为主, 昂杰组，正交偏光；b.石英细砂岩，含斑性, 杂基支撑，昂杰组，单偏光；c.泥质粉砂岩，颗粒成分以石英为主, 杂基支撑，昂杰组，单偏光；d.细粒石英杂砂岩，泥质杂基支撑, 含斑性, 拉嘎组，正交偏光；e.含砾细粒石英杂砂岩，泥质杂基充填, 含斑性, 拉嘎组，正交偏光；f.中细粒石英砂岩，泥质杂基充填, 褐铁矿化, 拉嘎组，正交偏光；g.细砂岩，颗粒成分以石英为主, 永珠组，正交偏光；h.泥质细砂岩，颗粒成分以石英为主, 含斑性明显, 永珠组，正交偏光；i.泥质细砂岩，颗粒成分以石英为主, 含斑性明显, 永珠组，正交偏光
Fig. 3. Photomicrograph features of the Neopaleozoic sandstone samples
图 4 研究区晚古生代地层孢粉组合特征
图中比例尺单位为10 μm
Fig. 4. The Neopaleozoic sporo-pollen association in the study area
图 5 研究区晚古生代地层发育的典型沉积构造
Fig. 5. The typical sedimentary structures in the Neopaleozoic strata
图 6 研究区晚古生代残留洋盆沉积充填序列
Fig. 6. The depositonal filling sequence of Neopaleozoic remnant ocean basin in the study area
图 7 研究区晚古生代地层物源区判别图
Fig. 7. Discriminant function analysis classification plots for Neopaleozoic clastic sediments in the study area
图 8 晚古生代地层碎屑岩构造背景判别图
图c, d中，A.大洋岛弧；B.大陆岛弧；C.活动大陆边缘；D.被动大陆边缘；据Bhatia(1983)；Roser and Korsch(1986)
Fig. 8. Discriminant diagrams for the tectonic setting of Neopaleozoic clastic sediments in the study area
图 9 晚古生代地层碎屑岩微量和稀土元素构造背景判别图
A.大洋岛弧；B.大陆岛弧；C.活动大陆边缘；D.被动大陆边缘；据Bhatia and Crook(1986)
Fig. 9. Discriminant diagram for the tectonic setting of trace element-REE of Neopaleozoic clastic sediments
图 10 晚古生代地层碎屑岩微量和稀土元素物源背景判别图
a.据Floyd and Leveridge(1987); b.据Allègre and Minster(1978)
Fig. 10. Discriminant diagrams for the provenance setting of trace element-REE of Neopaleozoic clastic sediments
图 11 晚古生代地层碎屑岩源区A-CN-K和ICV-CIA图
Fig. 11. Discriminant diagrams of A-CN-K and ICV-CIA for Neopaleozoic clastic rock in the study area
图 12 研究区碎屑岩稀土元素分配模式
球粒陨石值据Rollinson(1993)
Fig. 12. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns for Neopaleozoic clastic rocks
图 13 研究区碎屑岩稀土元素分配模式
NASC值据Rollinson(1993)
Fig. 13. NASC-normalized REE patterns for Neopaleozoic clastic rocks
表 1 研究区碎屑岩主量元素测试结果(%)
Table 1. The major elements data of clastic rocks
样品编号 BP6-9-1 BP6-14-1 BP6-54-1 BP6-62-1 BP6-66-1 BP6-71-1 BP8-3-1 BP8-9-1 BP8-17-1 BP8-21-1 BP8-31-1 BP8-32-1 BP13-8-1 BP13-19-1 BP13-38-1 BP13-46-1 BP13-75-1 BP13-76-1 岩石名称 粉砂岩 细砂岩 泥岩 中细砂岩 细砂岩 粉砂岩 中细砂岩 中细砂岩 中细砂岩 中细砂岩 细砂岩 中细砂岩 中细砂岩 中细砂岩 中细砂岩 中细砂岩 中细砂岩 中细砂岩 地层 永珠组 永珠组 永珠组 永珠组 永珠组 永珠组 拉嘎组 拉嘎组 拉嘎组 拉嘎组 拉嘎组 拉嘎组 昂杰组 昂杰组 昂杰组 昂杰组 昂杰组 昂杰组 SiO2 69.552 60.941 65.901 76.241 73.363 72.654 71.980 74.470 64.853 74.369 74.739 63.668 72.162 68.225 68.114 69.035 67.815 67.859 TiO2 0.630 0.841 0.658 0.442 0.507 0.497 0.494 0.496 0.748 0.490 0.444 0.719 0.474 0.550 0.492 0.491 0.562 0.563 Al2O3 13.204 16.085 13.887 9.239 10.501 10.479 10.963 10.928 14.479 10.784 9.902 15.457 10.611 12.237 10.599 10.514 12.049 12.098 Fe2O3 0.29 0.53 0.65 0.14 0.18 0.25 0.56 0.89 0.65 0.55 0.82 0.70 0.58 0.48 0.41 0.61 1.40 1.01 MnO 0.060 0.115 0.182 0.057 0.062 0.071 0.071 0.055 0.065 0.038 0.071 0.050 0.060 0.072 0.089 0.070 0.083 0.081 MgO 1.320 2.816 2.282 1.746 1.974 1.977 1.996 1.625 2.796 1.671 1.483 3.153 1.859 2.402 2.448 2.531 1.921 2.019 CaO 1.194 2.248 2.762 1.958 2.161 2.779 2.024 0.952 0.862 1.162 1.871 0.485 2.077 2.276 3.459 3.094 2.601 2.522 Na2O 1.874 2.648 0.197 0.930 1.270 1.213 0.623 0.612 1.531 0.051 0.700 1.318 1.163 1.059 1.191 1.086 1.171 1.110 K2O 5.469 3.591 3.495 2.810 3.048 2.967 2.915 3.107 3.477 3.159 2.850 4.083 2.923 3.292 3.004 3.011 3.426 3.391 P2O5 0.134 0.197 0.185 0.096 0.107 0.108 0.119 0.120 0.114 0.122 0.109 0.157 0.117 0.135 0.121 0.116 0.142 0.138 FeO 3.49 6.67 4.76 3.31 3.94 3.70 3.70 3.12 5.90 3.36 3.07 5.74 3.35 4.23 3.68 3.36 3.36 3.70 烧失量 2.100 2.808 4.414 2.627 2.374 2.762 3.889 3.230 3.864 3.620 3.595 3.842 3.981 4.609 5.765 5.525 4.819 4.860 Fe2O3*+MgO 5.10 10.01 7.70 5.20 6.09 5.94 6.26 5.64 9.34 5.58 5.37 9.59 5.78 7.12 6.53 6.51 6.68 6.73 Al2O3/SiO2 0.19 0.26 0.21 0.12 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.22 0.15 0.13 0.24 0.15 0.18 0.16 0.15 0.18 0.18 K2O/Na2O 2.92 1.36 17.71 3.02 2.40 2.45 4.68 5.08 2.27 62.18 4.07 3.10 2.51 3.11 2.52 2.77 2.93 3.06 CaO*+NaO2 1.894 2.688 0.200 0.945 1.290 1.233 0.633 0.622 1.546 0.052 0.711 1.326 1.182 1.076 1.210 1.103 1.189 1.127 CIA 54.459 56.624 75.881 60.229 58.574 59.119 67.834 67.055 64.958 75.044 64.890 67.767 60.204 63.487 59.720 60.799 61.728 62.596 ICV 1.180 1.307 1.182 1.438 1.444 1.542 1.277 1.052 1.132 1.008 1.270 1.092 1.377 1.359 1.765 1.731 1.407 1.378 注：*测试单位为西南冶金地质测试所，X荧光法、重量法、滴定法；Fe2O3*是指全铁：Fe2O3+FeO；CaO*为硅酸盐组分中的CaO摩尔百分含量；化学蚀变指数CIA=[Al2O3/(Al2O3+CaO*+Na2O+K2O)]×100；成分变异指数ICV=[(Fe2O3+MgO+MnO+TiO2+CaO*+Na2O+K2O)/Al2O3]. 
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表 2 研究区碎屑岩微量元素测试结果(10-6)及有关比值
Table 2. The trace elements data and rations for the clastic rocks
样品编号 BP6-9-1 BP6-14-1 BP6-54-1 BP6-62-1 BP6-66-1 BP6-71-1 BP8-3-1 BP8-9-1 BP8-17-1 BP8-21-1 BP8-31-1 BP8-32-1 BP13-8-1 BP13-19-1 BP13-38-1 BP13-46-1 BP13-75-1 BP13-76-1 岩石名称 粉砂岩 细砂岩 泥岩 中细砂岩 细砂岩 粉砂岩 中细砂岩 中细砂岩 中细砂岩 中细砂岩 细砂岩 中细砂岩 中细砂岩 中细砂岩 中细砂岩 中细砂岩 中细砂岩 中细砂岩 地层 永珠组 永珠组 永珠组 永珠组 永珠组 永珠组 拉嘎组 拉嘎组 拉嘎组 拉嘎组 拉嘎组 拉嘎组 昂杰组 昂杰组 昂杰组 昂杰组 昂杰组 昂杰组 Ba 807.06 768.64 708.81 549.86 586.36 566.05 341.87 380.33 627.19 332.94 370.37 685.04 516.12 532.75 518.88 504.32 547.32 677.58 Co 11.69 17.04 13.48 8.35 8.31 8.74 10.77 9.46 15.74 9.12 8.94 15.04 9.59 10.62 9.01 9.12 9.85 11.15 Cr 66.42 106.40 79.17 53.15 58.90 58.99 60.66 58.41 75.28 49.81 49.76 96.39 53.54 60.35 52.29 47.45 59.43 62.40 Cu 5.46 13.05 43.71 12.86 19.20 23.69 21.44 20.54 21.17 18.10 19.48 42.80 38.59 20.69 20.66 19.61 20.44 36.47 Hf 8.14 5.30 6.74 7.17 7.29 7.16 6.33 6.38 6.36 6.39 6.23 5.96 6.29 6.33 6.31 6.26 6.76 6.71 Nb 15.13 20.69 19.09 10.41 13.12 12.97 6.98 8.22 17.66 9.00 8.61 14.24 8.67 9.60 7.74 8.20 7.28 7.06 Ni 23.13 47.13 30.24 17.32 20.23 19.73 22.50 23.11 38.77 22.93 20.89 44.10 20.64 24.15 21.06 19.18 23.55 23.78 Pb 33.41 29.70 31.92 20.97 24.27 22.42 22.96 20.49 4.33 21.81 21.40 36.19 23.72 24.35 21.73 21.81 20.77 23.68 Rb 154.89 177.45 185.90 117.05 123.52 120.98 151.80 150.17 163.81 150.33 137.85 195.22 134.15 160.53 135.36 133.28 165.43 163.35 Sc 11.49 16.62 14.62 7.86 9.79 9.10 10.17 9.79 15.10 9.49 9.03 18.17 9.29 10.30 9.94 9.41 10.22 11.38 Sr 121.26 204.67 140.78 144.87 137.28 152.68 54.70 36.33 58.62 25.98 41.00 47.06 67.65 83.83 102.42 82.67 55.57 59.67 Ta 1.13 1.51 1.42 0.79 1.08 1.02 0.61 0.67 1.33 0.72 0.71 1.00 0.75 0.77 0.64 0.68 0.62 0.58 Th 18.73 24.75 21.51 13.74 15.97 16.34 14.48 14.58 16.34 15.08 13.61 20.03 14.53 15.60 14.94 15.32 15.90 16.15 U 2.13 2.17 2.33 1.36 1.41 1.53 1.20 1.39 1.15 1.37 1.30 1.93 1.54 1.53 1.52 1.71 1.32 1.42 V 77.23 111.45 84.81 58.73 60.46 60.84 73.16 69.54 104.37 70.01 60.64 118.60 69.17 81.23 65.52 67.71 75.23 78.23 Zn 50.48 104.15 70.82 45.67 57.29 53.24 59.93 57.82 97.28 57.31 53.64 105.20 59.04 67.06 59.24 58.75 64.71 69.10 Zr 288.99 156.92 221.88 258.94 263.44 253.11 219.44 219.97 209.04 225.93 215.34 183.26 217.20 212.26 215.51 213.62 226.55 224.27 Sc/Cr 0.17 0.16 0.18 0.15 0.17 0.15 0.17 0.17 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.19 0.17 0.17 0.19 0.20 0.17 0.18 La/Th 2.58 2.49 2.78 2.58 2.67 2.48 2.54 2.68 2.40 2.32 2.55 2.41 2.46 2.92 2.66 2.47 2.76 2.67 注：*测试单位为西南冶金地质测试所，等离子发射光谱法、质谱法ICP-MS、X荧光法.
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表 3 研究区碎屑岩稀土元素测试结果及特征参数表(10-6)
Table 3. The REE data and diagnostic parameters for the clastic rocks
样品编号 BP6-9-1 BP6-14-1 BP6-54-1 BP6-62-1 BP6-66-1 BP6-71-1 BP8-3-1 BP8-9-1 BP8-17-1 BP8-21-1 BP8-31-1 BP8-32-1 BP13-8-1 BP13-19-1 BP13-38-1 BP13-46-1 BP13-75-1 BP13-76-1 岩石名称 粉砂岩 细砂岩 泥岩 中细砂岩 细砂岩 粉砂岩 中细砂岩 中细砂岩 中细砂岩 中细砂岩 细砂岩 中细砂岩 中细砂岩 中细砂岩 中细砂岩 中细砂岩 中细砂岩 中细砂岩 地层 永珠组 永珠组 永珠组 永珠组 永珠组 永珠组 拉嘎组 拉嘎组 拉嘎组 拉嘎组 拉嘎组 拉嘎组 昂杰组 昂杰组 昂杰组 昂杰组 昂杰组 昂杰组 La 48.36 61.62 59.85 35.52 42.65 40.49 36.77 39.11 39.21 35.03 34.76 48.36 35.74 45.48 39.73 37.84 43.89 43.20 Ce 101.21 114.11 112.56 72.99 86.01 79.94 73.10 78.77 84.85 70.81 68.48 99.75 73.59 91.52 80.13 76.92 89.02 87.94 Pr 11.27 13.11 12.51 8.10 9.60 8.97 8.11 8.67 9.06 7.78 7.50 11.41 8.30 10.21 8.91 8.60 9.78 9.78 Nd 45.83 54.47 52.49 33.77 39.89 36.68 33.39 35.29 37.73 31.57 30.99 47.66 34.50 41.52 36.50 35.60 40.86 39.99 Sm 8.34 9.22 9.67 5.93 6.98 6.59 5.87 6.16 6.70 5.55 5.44 8.58 6.22 7.32 6.47 6.25 7.14 7.03 Eu 1.66 1.77 2.18 1.26 1.34 1.24 1.13 1.18 1.31 1.02 1.04 1.61 1.18 1.34 1.25 1.19 1.33 1.29 Gd 7.89 8.44 9.44 5.58 6.37 6.07 5.33 5.77 6.11 5.03 5.18 7.93 5.61 6.68 6.09 5.82 6.68 6.31 Tb 1.09 1.14 1.34 0.77 0.85 0.83 0.73 0.80 0.86 0.69 0.72 1.05 0.76 0.89 0.84 0.81 0.90 0.87 Dy 5.75 6.06 7.51 4.21 4.72 4.63 4.05 4.52 4.68 3.85 4.02 5.68 4.13 4.73 4.58 4.42 4.81 4.69 Ho 1.12 1.19 1.49 0.83 0.94 0.93 0.82 0.92 0.93 0.75 0.80 1.11 0.83 0.92 0.89 0.86 0.97 0.91 Er 3.16 3.31 4.26 2.38 2.69 2.65 2.37 2.65 2.62 2.22 2.27 3.13 2.40 2.62 2.55 2.54 2.74 2.60 Tm 0.50 0.51 0.64 0.38 0.42 0.41 0.37 0.42 0.39 0.35 0.35 0.48 0.37 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.43 0.41 Yb 2.81 3.01 3.81 2.20 2.39 2.41 2.22 2.54 2.29 2.09 2.01 2.80 2.21 2.48 2.36 2.33 2.47 2.44 Lu 0.40 0.44 0.54 0.32 0.33 0.35 0.33 0.39 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.43 0.32 0.36 0.36 0.35 0.36 0.36 Y 28.45 31.05 38.96 22.01 23.76 23.52 21.23 24.39 23.16 19.21 20.23 28.68 21.30 24.11 24.15 22.76 24.96 24.12 LREE 216.66 254.29 249.25 157.57 186.46 173.90 158.37 169.17 178.85 151.76 148.22 217.38 159.54 197.38 172.97 166.40 192.01 189.24 HREE 51.17 55.14 67.99 38.68 42.46 41.80 37.44 42.40 41.36 34.49 35.87 51.28 37.93 43.19 42.21 40.28 44.32 42.71 ∑REE 267.83 309.44 317.24 196.25 228.92 215.71 195.81 211.58 220.22 186.25 184.09 268.66 197.47 240.58 215.18 206.68 236.33 231.95 LREE/HREE 4.23 4.61 3.67 4.07 4.39 4.16 4.23 3.99 4.32 4.40 4.13 4.24 4.21 4.57 4.10 4.13 4.33 4.43 δEu 0.62 0.60 0.69 0.66 0.60 0.59 0.61 0.59 0.61 0.58 0.59 0.59 0.60 0.58 0.60 0.59 0.58 0.58 δCe 1.01 0.92 0.94 1.00 0.98 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.05 0.99 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 (La/Yb)N 11.61 13.80 10.60 10.90 12.02 11.33 11.15 10.37 11.56 11.31 11.66 11.65 10.89 12.35 11.36 10.95 11.98 11.92 (La/Lu)N 12.60 14.46 11.42 11.49 13.63 12.11 11.48 10.44 12.66 11.91 12.05 11.79 11.49 13.09 11.35 11.28 12.59 12.48 (Ce/Yb)N 9.32 9.81 7.65 8.59 9.30 8.58 8.51 8.01 9.60 8.77 8.82 9.22 8.60 9.54 8.79 8.54 9.32 9.31 (Gd/Yb)N 2.27 2.26 2.00 2.05 2.15 2.03 1.94 1.83 2.16 1.94 2.08 2.29 2.05 2.17 2.08 2.02 2.18 2.08 La/Y 1.70 1.98 1.54 1.61 1.80 1.72 1.73 1.60 1.69 1.82 1.72 1.69 1.68 1.89 1.64 1.66 1.76 1.79 La/Ce 0.48 0.54 0.53 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.46 0.49 0.51 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.49 注：*测试单位为西南冶金地质测试所，等离子质谱法ICP-MS.
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表 4 研究区碎屑岩稀土元素含量(10-6)及特征参数
Table 4. The REE contents and diagnostic parameters for the clastic rocks
时代 组名 样品数 LREE HREE LREE/HREE ∑REE δEu δCe (Gd/Yb)N (La/Yb)N NP1a 昂杰组 6 159.54~197.38 37.93~44.32 4.10~4.57 197.47~240.58 0.58~0.60 0.98~0.99 2.02~2.18 10.89~12.35 179.58 41.77 4.29 221.36 0.59 0.99 2.1 11.57 C2-P1l 拉嘎组 6 148.22~217.38 34.49~51.28 3.99~4.40 184.09~268.66 0.58~0.61 0.98~1.05 1.83~2.29 10.37~11.66 170.63 40.48 4.22 211.1 0.6 1.00 2.04 11.28 C2y 永珠组 6 157.57~254.29 38.68~67.99 3.67~4.62 196.25~317.24 0.59~3.76 0.92~1.01 2.0~2.27 10.6~13.8 206.36 49.54 4.19 255.9 0.63 0.97 2.13 11.71
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