Discovery and Significance of Early Silurian Andesites in Wuwamen Area, Southern Margin of Central Tianshan Block
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摘要: 安山岩是俯冲相关构造环境的特征岩石；对安山岩的研究，可以获得俯冲作用发生时代和俯冲过程的相关信息.报道了中天山地块南缘乌瓦门地区早志留世安山岩的年代学和地球化学特征，探讨了其岩石成因和构造属性，为南天山洋及中天山陆块南缘构造演化提供制约.研究表明，乌瓦门安山岩具有安山结构，组成矿物为普通辉石、钙质角闪石、斜长石和钾钠长石，为高钾钙碱性粗面安山岩；全岩SiO2=56.23%~59.28%，K2O=2.70%~3.37%，Na2O=3.32%~4.11%.其锆石U-Pb年龄为430 Ma，形成于早志留世晚期.微量元素组成上，富集轻稀土、亏损重稀土，（La/Yb）N=18.5~20.9；Eu负异常不明显，δEu=0.82~0.88；富集Ba、Th、U，亏损Nb、Ta、Ti；初始87Sr/86Sr比值为0.706 2~0.707 5，εNd（t）=+2.96~+3.01；这些数据揭示乌瓦门安山岩为安第斯型陆弧岩石，起源于被俯冲带相关流体交代的地幔楔，并在上升过程中受到了古老地壳的改造.早志留世晚期，南天山洋向中天山陆块下俯冲，构成成熟的洋-陆俯冲体系；中天山陆块南缘为活动大陆边缘，发育典型的安第斯型陆弧岩石组合.Abstract: Andesite is a typical rock type in subduction-related environment, and can reveal important information on the subduction processes. In this paper, it is presented of zircon U-Pb geochronology, whole-rock major and trace element and Sr-Nd isotope data for the Wuwamen andesites in the southern margin of Central Tianshan block, to provide constraints on the evolution processes of the South Tianshan ocean and Central Tianshan block. The andesites are high-K, calc-alkaline trachyandesite composed of augite, calcic amphibole, plagioclase and K-Na feldspar, with SiO2=56.23%-59.28%, K2O=2.70%-3.37%, and Na2O=3.32%-4.11%. They are characterized by fractionated rare earth element patterns with (La/Yb)N=18.5-20.9, and show negligible Eu anomalies with δEu=0.82-0.88; they are highly enriched in Rb, Ba and Sr, and depleted in Nb, Ta and Ti. Their initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios are in the range of 0.706 2-0.707 5 and εNd(t) in the range of 2.96-3.01. The data suggest that the Wuwamen andesites are typical Andean-type continental arcs, which originated from the partial melting of the mantle wedge that had been previously metasomatized by subduction-related fluids; the parental magma has been modified by the old crustal rocks during the magmas ascent. The origin and tectonic affinity of the Wuwamen andesites indicate that the South Tianshan ocean has subducted northward beneath the southern margin of the Central Tianshan block at the end of Early Silurian, forming a mature oceanic-continental subduction system; the southern margin of the Central Tianshan block has been a typical active continental margin characterized by development of Andean-type continental arc rocks.
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图 1 中天山及周边地质简图
CTB.中天山地块；STB.南天山；①中天山北缘边界断裂；②中天山南缘边界断裂.据Ma et al.(2014)修改
Fig. 1. Sketch map of the Central Tianshan and its surroundings
图 4 乌瓦门安山岩的锆石阴极发光图像、分析位置及分析点的206Pb/238U年龄
Fig. 4. Cathodoluminescence (CL) images of zircons from the Wuwamen andesites
图 5 乌瓦门安山岩的锆石U-Pb谐和图(a)和206Pb/238U年龄加权平均统计图(b)
Fig. 5. Concordia diagram (a) and weighted mean 206Pb/238U age (b)
图 6 乌瓦门安山岩的矿物分类图解
a.Ca-Mg-Fe单斜辉石系列的硅灰石(Wo)-顽火辉石(En)-斜铁辉石(Fs)分类图解，据Morimoto(1988)；b.钙质角闪石分类图解，据Leake(1997)；c.长石分类图解
Fig. 6. Classification diagrams of the minerals from the Wuwamen andesites
图 7 乌瓦门安山岩的岩石分类图解
a.火山岩TAS分类图解，据Le Maitre(2002)；b.AFM图解，据Irvine and Baragar(1971)；c.K2O-SiO2图解，据Le Maitre(2002)；南美安第斯陆弧中带火山岩数据引自Winter(2001)及其中的文献；巴布亚新几内亚TLTF(Tabar-Lihir-Tanga-Feni)高钾洋内岛弧岩石引自Stracke and Hegner(1998)
Fig. 7. Classification diagrams for the Wuwamen andesites
图 8 乌瓦门安山岩的球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分模式和原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图
安第斯陆弧南带火山岩数据引自Winter(2001)及其中的文献；平均俯冲沉积物数据引自Plank and Langmuir(1998)；平均陆壳数据引自Rudnick and Gao(2003)；球粒陨石稀土元素数据采用Boynton(1984)；原始地幔微量元素数据采用Sun and McDonough(1989)；其他数据来源同图 7
Fig. 8. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns and primitive mantle-normalized spider diagrams for the Wuwamen andesites
图 9 乌瓦门安山岩的(143Nd/144Nd)i-(87Sr/86Sr)i相关图解
MORB范围采用Gale et al.(2013)；安第斯陆弧中带弧下地幔范围引自Lucassen et al.(2006)；安第斯陆弧中带古生代地壳范围引自Lucassen et al.(1999)；安第斯陆弧中带火山岩范围引自Winter(2001)
Fig. 9. (143Nd/144Nd)i vs. (87Sr/86Sr)i diagram for the Wuwamen andesites
图 10 K2O与代表性微量元素对SiO2协变图解
Fig. 10. Plots of K2O and selected trace elements vs. SiO2 contents for the Wuwamen andesites
图 11 乌瓦门安山岩的微量元素判别图解
a, b.花岗岩类的Rb-(Y+Nb)和Nb-Y判别图解，据Pearce et al.(1984)：VAG.火山弧花岗岩；ORG.洋脊花岗岩；WPG.板内花岗岩；Syn-COLG.同碰撞花岗岩；c, d.中酸性岩石的Th/Yb-Ta/Yb和Th/Ta-Yb判别图解，据Gorton and Schandl(2000)：Oceanic arcs.岛弧；ACM.活动大陆边缘；WPVZ.板内火山带；WPB.板内玄武岩；MORB.大洋中脊玄武岩
Fig. 11. Discrimination diagrams for the Wuwamen andesites
表 1 乌瓦门安山岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年分析结果
Table 1. Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb isotopic data for the Wuwamen andesites
分析点号 含量(10-6) Th/U 同位素比值 年龄(Ma) U Th 206Pb/238U 1σ 207Pb/235U 1σ 206Pb/238U 1σ 207Pb/235U 1σ 1 583 273 0.5 0.069 0 0.000 5 0.528 6 0.005 5 430 3 431 5 2 1 167 541 0.5 0.069 0 0.000 4 0.529 5 0.004 0 430 3 432 3 3 726 332 0.5 0.068 9 0.000 4 0.524 4 0.004 5 430 3 428 4 4 567 257 0.5 0.069 0 0.000 4 0.528 7 0.004 8 430 3 431 4 5 706 311 0.4 0.069 0 0.000 5 0.530 0 0.004 9 430 3 432 4 6 685 458 0.7 0.069 0 0.000 5 0.529 4 0.004 7 430 3 431 4 7 663 351 0.5 0.069 0 0.000 5 0.530 3 0.004 5 430 3 432 4 8 637 363 0.6 0.069 0 0.000 5 0.526 2 0.004 5 430 3 429 4 9 709 472 0.7 0.069 0 0.000 5 0.523 8 0.004 6 430 3 428 4 10 492 259 0.5 0.069 0 0.000 4 0.529 0 0.005 3 430 3 431 4 11 680 400 0.6 0.069 1 0.000 4 0.528 0 0.004 8 431 3 430 4 12 827 542 0.7 0.069 1 0.000 4 0.529 8 0.004 6 430 3 432 4 13 767 475 0.6 0.069 0 0.000 5 0.527 6 0.004 6 430 3 430 4 14 951 705 0.7 0.069 0 0.000 4 0.526 5 0.004 2 430 3 430 3 15 1 072 739 0.7 0.069 0 0.000 4 0.527 4 0.004 4 430 3 430 4 16 569 315 0.6 0.069 0 0.000 4 0.528 8 0.005 8 430 3 431 5 17 385 253 0.7 0.069 0 0.000 4 0.521 7 0.007 5 430 3 426 6 18 626 368 0.6 0.068 9 0.000 4 0.531 2 0.007 8 430 3 433 6 19 453 28 0.1 0.068 6 0.000 4 0.529 0 0.008 8 427 3 431 7 20 727 411 0.6 0.068 7 0.000 4 0.528 8 0.004 4 429 3 431 4 21 695 378 0.5 0.068 4 0.000 4 0.532 5 0.004 5 427 3 433 4 22 352 175 0.5 0.069 1 0.000 4 0.525 6 0.006 9 430 3 429 6 23 943 712 0.8 0.068 8 0.000 4 0.528 6 0.004 0 429 3 431 3 24 509 285 0.6 0.069 2 0.000 5 0.531 9 0.005 2 431 3 433 4 25 655 337 0.5 0.069 2 0.000 4 0.529 9 0.004 8 431 3 432 4 26 563 304 0.5 0.069 2 0.000 4 0.527 0 0.005 4 432 3 430 4 27 691 328 0.5 0.069 1 0.000 4 0.530 2 0.004 9 431 3 432 4 28 297 111 0.4 0.069 4 0.000 4 0.522 0 0.009 7 433 3 426 8 29 583 249 0.4 0.068 8 0.000 4 0.529 3 0.004 8 429 3 431 4 30 790 365 0.5 0.069 0 0.000 5 0.527 4 0.004 5 430 3 430 4 31 876 381 0.4 0.069 0 0.000 5 0.528 6 0.004 2 430 3 431 3 32 668 309 0.5 0.068 8 0.000 4 0.529 5 0.004 7 429 3 432 4 
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表 2 乌瓦门安山岩镁铁矿物(角闪石和辉石)的电子探针分析结果(%)
Table 2. Microprobe analyses of amphibole and pyroxene from the Wuwamen andesites
点号 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 P1 P2 P3 矿物种类 Parg Eden Eden Eden Eden Parg Parg Eden Eden Augi Augi Augi SiO2 43.20 45.58 44.33 44.27 45.65 43.00 42.48 44.48 47.09 54.25 50.52 53.64 TiO2 2.94 2.69 2.81 2.59 2.12 2.98 2.78 1.29 0.92 0.18 1.46 0.11 Al2O3 9.43 9.15 8.92 9.06 7.93 9.79 10.46 9.39 7.68 1.92 3.58 1.68 Cr2O3 0.05 0.06 0.03 0 0 0.02 0.00 0.06 0 0.03 0.07 0.05 FeOT 11.78 13.05 11.90 12.31 11.87 12.17 12.54 12.45 11.41 12.21 11.59 11.60 MnO 0.27 0.28 0.17 0.25 0.21 0.20 0.16 0.20 0.18 0.30 0.23 0.22 MgO 14.60 13.44 14.89 14.58 14.83 14.15 14.07 15.66 16.70 15.79 15.27 16.13 CaO 10.91 10.76 11.07 10.92 11.28 11.07 10.96 10.26 10.53 12.60 12.41 12.70 Na2O 2.16 2.08 2.10 2.16 1.82 2.28 2.28 1.83 1.88 0.26 0.62 0.21 K2O 1.08 0.84 0.93 1.01 0.88 1.11 1.07 0.75 0.66 0.13 0.31 0.47 NiO 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.10 0.01 0 0 0.01 总计 96.44 97.93 97.15 97.15 96.60 96.82 96.81 96.47 97.05 97.66 96.07 96.81 基于23个氧原子计算的离子个数 基于6个氧原子计算的离子个数 Si 6.41 6.65 6.51 6.51 6.73 6.38 6.30 6.61 6.79 2.03 1.94 2.03 Ti 0.33 0.30 0.31 0.29 0.24 0.33 0.31 0.15 0.10 0.01 0.04 0 Al 1.65 1.57 1.54 1.57 1.38 1.71 1.83 1.64 1.31 0.09 0.16 0.08 Cr 0.01 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0 0 Fe3+ 0.34 0.27 0.32 0.37 0.29 0.31 0.40 0 0.63 0 0 0 Fe2+ 1.13 1.33 1.14 1.14 1.17 1.20 1.16 1.55 0.75 0.38 0.37 0.37 Mn 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 Mg 3.23 2.92 3.26 3.20 3.26 3.13 3.11 3.47 3.59 0.88 0.87 0.91 Ca 1.74 1.68 1.74 1.72 1.78 1.76 1.74 1.64 1.63 0.51 0.51 0.52 Na 0.62 0.59 0.60 0.62 0.52 0.66 0.65 0.53 0.53 0.02 0.05 0.02 K 0.20 0.16 0.17 0.19 0.17 0.21 0.20 0.14 0.12 0.01 0.02 0.02 ∑ 15.79 15.59 15.74 15.76 15.65 15.82 15.85 15.74 15.68 3.93 3.97 3.95 注：Parg.韭闪石；Eden.浅闪石；Augi.普通辉石.
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表 3 乌瓦门安山岩长石的电子探针分析结果(%)
Table 3. Microprobe analyses of feldspar from the Wuwamen andesites
点号 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 F13 F14 F15 矿物种类 Ab Ab Ab Ab Ab Ab Ab Or Or Or Or Or Or Or Or SiO2 67.81 68.24 68.30 69.31 67.56 68.32 67.96 66.23 69.76 65.98 65.97 64.43 70.01 65.93 66.47 TiO2 0.01 0.07 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.01 0 0 0.08 0 0 0.03 0 0.04 0.06 Al2O3 17.64 19.65 19.43 19.08 20.16 19.68 19.41 17.36 15.38 17.44 17.56 18.01 15.53 17.57 17.01 Cr2O3 0.0 0 0.02 0.05 0.01 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0 0 0.01 0 0.01 FeOT 1.23 0.18 0.18 0.14 0.27 0.18 0.14 0.16 0.21 0.10 0.16 0.11 0.23 0.14 0.09 MnO 0.053 0 0 0.007 0 0 0 0.007 0.021 0.012 0 0.028 0.006 0.004 0 MgO 1.29 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.06 0.03 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CaO 1.61 1.41 1.08 0.61 1.15 1.23 1.03 0.05 0.03 0 0.07 0.01 0.07 0.05 0.06 Na2O 10.06 10.21 10.50 10.86 9.84 10.37 10.38 0.36 0.19 0.16 0.16 0.14 0.30 1.54 0.57 K2O 0.09 0.10 0.21 0.11 0.74 0.16 0.34 15.93 14.04 16.39 16.36 16.61 13.68 14.05 15.61 NiO 0 0 0.01 0 0.01 0 0 0.03 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 总计 99.80 99.86 99.75 100.20 99.82 99.98 99.29 100.11 99.73 100.09 100.27 99.38 99.82 99.32 99.88 基于8个氧原子计算的离子个数 Si 2.98 2.98 2.99 3.02 2.96 2.98 2.99 3.05 3.17 3.04 3.04 3.00 3.17 3.04 3.06 Al 0.91 1.01 1.00 0.98 1.04 1.01 1.01 0.94 0.82 0.95 0.95 0.99 0.83 0.95 0.92 Ca 0.08 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Na 0.86 0.87 0.89 0.92 0.84 0.88 0.89 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.14 0.05 K 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.94 0.81 0.96 0.96 0.99 0.79 0.83 0.92 ∑ 4.97 4.94 4.96 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.96 4.96 4.83 4.97 4.97 5.00 4.82 4.96 4.96 An 8 7 5 3 6 6 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ab 91 92 93 96 90 93 93 3 2 1 1 1 3 14 5 Or 1 1 1 1 4 1 2 96 98 99 98 99 96 85 94
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表 4 乌瓦门安山岩的主量(%)和微量元素(10-6)组成
Table 4. Major (%) and trace element (10-6) compositions of the Wuwamen andesites
样品号 12YX11-23 12YX11-24 12YX11-25 12YX11-26 12YX11-27 12YX11-28 12YX11-29 12YX11-30 SiO2 56.4 58.5 58.6 56.8 56.2 57.4 58.9 59.3 TiO2 0.82 0.83 0.85 0.88 0.81 0.83 0.84 0.83 Al2O3 14.9 15.9 15.9 15.5 14.7 15.1 16.2 16.2 Fe2O3T 7.53 5.44 6.27 7.21 7.65 6.82 5.99 5.84 MnO 0.12 0.08 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.09 MgO 6.36 3.68 4.50 5.72 6.27 5.20 3.75 3.52 CaO 4.05 5.38 4.11 4.15 4.62 4.96 4.88 5.03 Na2O 3.22 3.99 3.96 3.77 3.24 3.73 3.94 3.94 K2O 3.27 2.99 2.95 2.76 3.00 2.68 2.74 2.64 P2O5 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.30 0.29 LOI 2.51 2.78 2.31 2.87 3.13 2.81 2.28 2.04 Total 99.42 99.9 99.82 100.11 100.05 99.91 99.87 99.68 Mg# 63 58 59 61 62 60 56 55 K2O+Na2O 6.49 6.98 6.91 6.53 6.24 6.41 6.68 6.58 Na2O/K2O 0.98 1.33 1.34 1.37 1.08 1.39 1.44 1.49 Cr 260 102 143 221 257 194 110 112 Mn 921 642 742 877 944 851 690 670 Co 25.0 15.8 21.3 24.6 20.7 23.6 16.5 15.4 Ni 159 64.6 83.8 127.0 153.0 114.0 65.4 67.0 Cu 8.75 7.83 9.18 19.60 9.87 39.00 11.30 7.68 Zn 66.9 44.3 53.0 62.4 66.6 58.9 44.3 42.4 Ga 18.0 18.5 19.1 18.3 17.9 18.2 19.4 19.4 Rb 157 58.4 61.1 63.0 123 57.1 56.3 52.9 Sr 405 619 476 421 393 435 652 706 Ba 1 286 1 074 1 176 1 132 1 142 995 968 919 Pb 4.55 10.1 8.43 5.49 4.03 7.64 9.68 9.30 Th 17.8 19.3 19.2 17.5 16.7 17.7 19.5 19.5 U 2.97 4.30 3.58 3.16 2.99 3.29 4.13 4.09 Nb 7.52 8.41 8.37 7.54 7.52 7.97 8.60 8.60 Ta 0.62 0.76 0.73 0.62 0.59 0.64 0.75 0.75 Zr 179 185 189 189 180 185 186 189 Hf 4.82 4.95 5.00 4.89 4.53 4.88 5.00 5.05 Ti 4 952 4 873 5 172 5 318 4 967 5 115 4 970 5 106 V 109 106 109 112 108 107 108 105 Y 17.3 18.3 18.0 18.1 17.6 17.7 17.8 18.1 La 46.0 48.3 48.0 45.9 43.9 45.9 49.3 48.8 Ce 81.0 85.2 84.4 81.1 78.3 80.4 86.9 85.1 Pr 9.64 10.1 10.0 9.73 9.43 9.55 10.2 9.88 Nd 37.3 40.2 40.0 37.8 37.0 37.9 38.7 38.2 Sm 6.01 6.47 6.41 6.19 5.88 5.94 6.46 6.26 Eu 1.52 1.74 1.70 1.53 1.54 1.53 1.70 1.65 Gd 5.10 5.40 5.42 4.95 5.02 4.89 5.64 5.20 Tb 0.68 0.72 0.70 0.69 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.70 Dy 3.52 3.79 3.68 3.59 3.48 3.46 3.62 3.71 Ho 0.65 0.67 0.66 0.67 0.64 0.63 0.66 0.67 Er 1.84 1.81 1.91 1.89 1.76 1.81 1.83 1.86 Tm 0.24 0.23 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 Yb 1.61 1.56 1.72 1.67 1.55 1.58 1.66 1.64 Lu 0.23 0.25 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.25 ∑REE 195.34 206.44 205.11 196.21 189.61 194.74 207.86 204.16 δEu 0.82 0.88 0.86 0.82 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.86 (La/Yb)N 19.3 20.9 18.8 18.5 19.1 19.6 20.0 20.1
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表 5 乌瓦门安山岩的Sr-Nd同位素组成
Table 5. Sr-Nd isotopic data of the Wuwamen andesites
样号 Rb Sr 87Rb/
86Sr87Sr/
86Sr2σ (87Sr/
86Sr)iSm Nd 147Sm/
144Nd143Nd/
144Nd2σ (143Nd/
144Nd)iεNd(t) TDM
(Ma)12YX11-23 155 399 1.149 0 0.713 209 8 0.706 2 5.98 36.8 0.098 2 0.512 512 9 0.512 235 2.96 842 12YX11-25 59.8 470 0.375 5 0.709 770 7 0.707 5 6.51 41.3 0.095 8 0.512 508 7 0.512 238 3.01 830 12YX11-27 125 403 0.916 7 0.712 304 9 0.706 7 6.00 38.4 0.094 6 0.512 503 9 0.512 237 2.98 828 12YX11-29 57.9 659 0.258 4 0.708 685 8 0.707 1 6.50 39.7 0.099 2 0.512 516 8 0.512 237 2.98 844 注：根据锆石U-Pb年龄，采用430 Ma计算初始同位素组成.
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