Geochemical Characteristics of Niobium and Tantalum: A Review of Twin Elements
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摘要: 因为具有相同的离子电价（+5）及相似的离子半径（~0.064 nm），铌和钽是地球化学性质非常相似的一对"孪生"元素.作为高场强元素，Nb-Ta通常赋存在金红石、角闪石、铌-钽矿、榍石和云母等矿物中.近20年来特别是21世纪初，Nb、Ta一直是地球化学领域的一个热点，大量的研究关注不同铌-钽矿物的赋存状态、矿物和岩石中铌-钽含量和铌/钽比值、铌-钽矿物与熔/流体之间的元素分配的实验岩石学研究和铌-钽分异的机制及具体地质过程.研究Nb、Ta具有重要的科学意义，涉及到整个地球的元素平衡、大陆地壳的生长机制、含金红石岩石的形成源区等.本文综合了近20年来铌、钽的研究内容，系统地总结了铌、钽在地球化学研究中各方面已经取得的成果，同时展望了未来铌-钽这对高场强元素对在地球科学研究中的潜在应用.Abstract: Niobium and tantalum have the same oxidation state (+5) and nearly identical ionic radii (~0.064 nm), thus they are considered as twin elements in geological properties. As high field strength elements, Nb-Ta are usually reserved in the rutile, hornblende, Nb-Ta ores, sphene, mica and other minerals. Nb and Ta have been the hotpot in the geochemistry in the last two decades, particularly since the beginning of the 21st century, with researches focused on the geochemical characters of Nb-Ta, Nb-Ta partition coefficient between mineral and melt/fluid, and the mechanism of Nb-Ta differentiation during geological processes. The studies of Nb and Ta have enhanced the understanding of the mass balance of elements in the Earth, the growth and accretion of the continental crust, the origin of the Archean tonalitic-trondhjemitic-granodioritic magmas (TTGs), the mechanism of elemental differentiation and the source tracking of metamorphic rocks. In this paper, we present the developments of niobium and tantalum in the past two decades, aiming to facilitate the future application of niobium and tantalum in geochemical researches.
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Key words:
- geochemistry /
- niobium /
- tantalum /
- high field strength element /
- geological process /
- rutile
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图 1 太阳系中不同岩石类型的Nb/Ta比值
数据据Jochum et al.(1986)、Barth et al.(2000)、Rudnick et al.(2000)、Kamber and Collerson(2000)、Münker et al.(2003)、Münker et al.(2004)、Workman and Hart(2005)、Pfänder et al.(2007).黑色五角星代表各类岩石的平均Nb/Ta比值
Fig. 1. Nb/Ta ratios of different types of rocks in the solar system
图 2 硅酸盐地球不同地质储库的Nb-Nb/Ta关系
数据来源：Chondrite据Münker et al.(2003)；DM据Rudnick et al.(2000)、Workman and Hart(2005)；UCC据Barth et al.(2000)；IAB据Münker et al.(2004)；HIMU、EM1和EM2据Pfänder et al.(2007)
Fig. 2. The Nb content and Nb/Ta ration diagram of main geological reservoirs in the Earth
图 3 平均弧玄武岩和板片内产生的岩浆的混合曲线
图改自Barth et al.(2000)；Average arc basalt的数据来自于Mcculloch amd Gamble(1991)；板片内产生的岩浆的数据来自于Sun and McDonough(1989)和Neal et al.(1997)
Fig. 3. Mixing relationships between average arc basalt and intraplate magmas
图 4 不同变质岩性中金红石Nb-Cr判别图解
a.改自Zack et al.(2004a)，注意长英质片麻岩中的Nb含量可达28 500×10-6；b.改自Triebold et al.(2007)，当lg(Cr/Nb)＞0时，说明金红石来自于变镁铁质岩石，反之，来自于变泥质岩；c.改自Meinhold et al.(2008)，注意变泥质岩中金红石的Nb含量下限为800×10-6
Fig. 4. Rutile Nb-Cr discrimination diagram in different metamorphic lithology
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