The Sedimentary Response to the Major Geological Events and Lithofacies Characteristics of Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation in the Upper Yangtze Area
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摘要: 上扬子地区广泛发育上奥陶统五峰组和下志留统龙马溪组富有机质页岩，前人研究较少涉及其岩相类型和沉积过程对主要地质事件的响应.细粒沉积物高精度层序地层学研究表明，晚奥陶世至龙一段充填沉积期，经历了3次大的地质事件，形成了2个三级层序（五峰组层序Sq1和龙一段层序Sq2）、12个准层序组和13个笔石带.在生物地层约束的等时格架中，识别出火山喷发事件形成的富碳、富有机硅的硅质页岩相，底流侵入事件及陆源输入浊流事件沉积的贫碳、贫有机硅的混合质页岩相和泥质页岩相，建立了五峰组-龙马溪组富有机质页岩的成因模式，该套页岩主要为该时期的火山喷发（包括冰期和生物绝灭）、底流侵入和陆源输入等地质事件导致的古气候、古海洋等各要素协同作用的结果.Abstract: The organic rich marine black shale of the upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation is widely developed in the upper Yangtze area.However, there are few studies on lithofacies types and on the response of the deposition process to the main geological events.From the Late Ordovician to the end of sedimentary filling period of the first member of Longmaxi Formation, the upper Yangtze area had experienced three major geological events.Based on the high resolution sequence stratigraphy study on the fine-grained sediments, two 3rd order sequences Wufeng (Sq1) and Long1(Sq2) including 12 para-sequences and 13 graptolite zones are identified during this interval.Within the isochronal stratigraphic framework which was constrained by the biostratigraphy, we have demonstrated the characteristics and genesis mechanism of different shale lithofacies.The siliceous shale of high TOC is likely attributed to volcanic eruption.The mixed shale of low TOC is likely attributed to the bottom flow intrusion and the argillaceous shale of low TOC is likely due to the enhanced terrigenous input though turbidity current.Thus a genetic model has been established.We suggest that the deposition of the Wufeng Formation and the first member of Longmaxi Formation heterogeneous shale is a sedimentary response to the altered paleo-climate and ocean environment which are attributed to three geological events:volcanic eruption (including glacial and biological extinction), bottom flow intrusion and terrigenous input.
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Key words:
- geological events /
- lithofacies /
- genesis mechanism /
- upper Ordovcian /
- lower Silurian /
- upper Yangtze area /
- petroleum geology
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图 1 上扬子地区五峰-龙马溪组地质简图(a)、地层序列(b)及富有机质页岩厚度分布(c)
图c中绝对年龄据International Chronostratigraphic Chart，国际地层委员会，2013；相对海平面变化曲线据chen et al.(2015)
Fig. 1. Geological sketch (a), stratigraphic sequence (b) and thickness distribution of organic rich shales (c) of the Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation in the upper Yangtze area
图 2 上扬子地区上奥陶-下志留统重大生物演化和地质事件
笔石带据陈旭等(2015)，四射珊瑚宏演化阶段和分类单元数目及变化曲线据戎嘉余和方宗杰(2004)
Fig. 2. The major geological evolution stages and significant geological events of the upper Ordovician-lower Silurian in the upper Yangtze area
图 3 焦页1井五峰组-龙一段笔石带、层序划分和地质事件
笔石带据陈旭等(2015)
Fig. 3. Correlation between the graptolite zone, stratigraphic sequence and geological events of the Wufeng Formation and the first member of Longmaxi Formation of well JY1
图 4 JY11-4井火山灰层(斑脱岩层)分布及生物灾变事件
Fig. 4. Correlation between the biological crisis and bentonite layers of well JY11-4
图 5 JY1井五峰组-龙一段主要地质事件、岩相类型及岩相序列
笔石带据陈旭等(2015)
Fig. 5. Major geological events, lithofacies type and sequence of the Wufeng Formation and the first member of Longmaxi Formation of well JY1
图 6 观音桥层灰质页岩相及斑脱岩的特征
a.硅质页岩相，斑脱岩层发育；b.斑脱岩层中石英、长石和黑云母(JY1井，2 413.6 m)；c.斑脱岩中棱角状石英晶屑发育(JY1井，2 412.8 m)；d.斑脱岩层中鸡骨状玻屑(JY1井，2 411.9 m)；e.观音桥层块状灰质页岩相；f.观音桥层野外样品中的介壳化石；g.观音桥层岩心中的介壳化石；h.观音桥层灰质泥岩的风暴沉积特征，由下至上发育粒序层段、介壳层段和泥岩层段，粒序层段底部可见侵蚀面，介壳层段可见介壳翻转现象(JY1井，2 410.3~2 410.7 m)
Fig. 6. The characteristics of carbonaceous shale and bentonite layers in Guanyingqiao Formation
图 7 五峰组硅质页岩相的沉积特征
a.页理发育；b.水平纹层发育，并夹有薄层黄铁矿条带；c.岩心截面可见大量杂乱排列的笔石；d.微弱的水平纹层，陆源碎屑含量极少(JY1井，2 413.2 m)；e.水平纹层发育，纹层连续且相互平行，石英颗粒顺层排列(JY1井，2 412.8 m)；f.放射虫化石发育(JY1井，2 411.9 m)；g.海绵骨针化石(JY1井，2 411.9 m)；h.草莓状黄铁矿，粒径为9 μm (SEM扫描电镜)；i.有机质中大量的有机质孔隙(SEM扫描电镜)
Fig. 7. Sedimentary characteristics of the siliceous shale in the Wufeng Formation
图 8 龙一段硅质页岩相的主要特征
a.漆辽剖面显示龙一段海进体系域层理发育，发育4~5层斑脱岩；b.粉砂多为石英，最大粒径为0.05 mm，水平纹层发育(JY1井，2 397.8 m)；c.石英和白云石聚集呈平行纹层状与碳质粘土互成条带(JY1井，2 397.1 m)；d.黄铁矿条带，厚度约为5 mm (JY1井，2 395.8 m)；e.黄铁矿结核，黄铁矿纹层平行分布(JY1井，2 393.7 m)；f.笔石杂乱分布(JY1井，2 391.4 m)；g.海侵体系域含泥硅质页岩的QEMSCAN图像特征，石英含量高达70%，粘土矿物较少，矿物颗粒均匀排列；h.星点状石英较均匀分布，海绵骨针化石较多(JY1井，2 390.0 m)；i.放射虫化石均匀分布(JY1井，2 389.3 m)
Fig. 8. Sedimentary characteristics of the siliceous shale in the the first member of Longmaxi Formation
图 9 龙一段等积岩相的主要特征
a.砂泥互层条带状层理、变倾角交错层理(黄色直线)和低角度交错层理(JY11-4井，2 327.0~2 328.0 m)；b.砂质条带(JY11-4井，2 317.2~2 317.5 m)；c.笔石化石定向分布(JY11-4井，2 337.5 m)；d.岩心泥质页岩和砂质细层，低角度交错层理(JY1井，2 362 m)；e.图d的QEMSCAN图像；f.图d的薄片照片；g.岩心纹理状粉砂质页岩，平行层理(JY1井，2 372 m)；h.图g的QEMSCAN图像；i.图g的薄片照片
Fig. 9. Sedimentary characteristics of the contourite in the first member of Longmaxi Formation
图 10 龙一段粉砂质页岩相的主要特征
a.灰黑色粘土质页岩夹细粉砂条带(JY41-5井，2 528.1 m)；b. QEMSCAN图像显示，伊利石页岩中的砂质条带具细微液化变形(JY1井，2 332.1 m)；c.薄片显示伊利石页岩中的砂质条带具细微液化变形(JY1井，2 332.1 m)；d.灰黑色粘土质泥岩，具贝壳状断口(JY1井，2 338.1 m)；e. QEMSCAN图像显示，伊利石含量高达77%，发育黄铁矿条带；f.白云质泥质页岩，纹理发育，发育黄铁矿结核(PY1井，2 031.6 m)；g.薄片显示白云质成云状、团块状不均匀分布(PY1井，2 031.6 m)；h.染色薄片，偏光镜下显示微晶白云岩不均匀分布(PY1井，2 031.6 m)；i.白云质页岩中的耙笔石(PY1井，2 332.0~2 340.0 m)；j.白云质页岩中的角石化石(PY1井，2 332.0~2 340.0 m)；k.白云质页岩中的扰动构造
Fig. 10. Sedimentary characteristics of the silty shale in the first member of Longmaxi Formation
图 11 上扬子地区五峰组-龙一段充填沉积的岩相成因模式
Fig. 11. The genetic model showing the evolutionary sedimentary filling pattern and lithofacies occurrence of the Wufeng Formation and the first member of Longmaxi Formation in the upper Yangtze area
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