Preliminary Prediction and Evaluation of Source Rocks in the Lunpola Basin, Tibet, China
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摘要: 伦坡拉盆地是西藏地区唯一获工业性油气流的盆地，油气勘探前景广阔，但其勘探和研究程度均较低，对古近系牛堡组烃源岩的发育状况认识不清，制约了盆地油气资源潜力评价和勘探选区.通过研究钻井、测井及相关化验测试等资料，利用测井多参数回归和盆地数值模拟等方法技术，分析了牛堡组主要亚段有机质丰度、类型及其展布等特征，模拟重建了烃源岩的热成熟演化历史，实现了对伦坡拉盆地牛堡组烃源岩的早期综合评价.研究表明：伦坡拉盆地古近系牛堡组烃源岩发育，并以牛二段中亚段分布最广、厚度最大，在蒋日阿错凹陷最厚在400 m以上，其中优质烃源岩 (TOC＞1.0%) 最厚可达170 m；牛堡组总体上属较好级别的烃源岩，其中牛二段上亚段较好-优质烃源岩所占比例最高，牛二段中亚段次之；牛堡组烃源岩有机质类型以Ⅰ型和Ⅱ1为主；有机质成熟度总体呈中西部高、东部低的趋势，牛二段中亚段烃源岩现今多处于中-晚期生油阶段，牛二段上亚段和牛三段下亚段烃源岩现今多处于早期生油阶段.牛二段中亚段烃源岩为伦坡拉盆地主力烃源岩，蒋日阿错凹陷为最重要的生烃凹陷.Abstract: As the only one basin which oil has come to the industrial standard in Tibet, it is believed that the Lunpola basin extend into rich-oil area, but exploration and investigation activities were limited, so that the development of Niubao Formation, palaeogene, is not clear, which not only limited the evaluation of oil and gas, but also the exploration strategy. Based on the drilling, logging and related laboratory test data, an integrated approach involving the logging regression equation model and basin modeling technique was used to investigate the distribution of source rock, organic matter abundance and types in main period of Niubao Formation, and to reconstruct the source rock thermal evolution history, so an evaluation system for source rocks was presented in Lunpola basin. The following conclusions can be drawn: the Lunpola basin is riched by the source rocks of Niubao Formation, and the middle of the second member of Niubao Formation is widely distributed with large thickness, the date indicates that the source rock thickness in Jiangriacuo sag can reach above 400 m, what's more, the thickness of excellent source rocks (TOC > 1.0%) can reach more than 170 m; in general, the type of source rocks of Niubao Formation is good, with highest proportion of good-excellent source rock in the upper of the second member of Niubao Formation and lower proportion in the middle of the second member of Niubao Formation; parent material types of source rocks in Niubao Formation are mainly mixed type of type Ⅱ1-Ⅰ and have oil-prone characteristic; the maturities of organic matters are mainly high in the midwest and low in the east, the results indicate that the middle of the second member of Niubao Formation is middle and late mature, the upper of the second member of Niubao Formation and the bottom of the third member of Niubao Formation are immature to early mature to present-day. Therefore, in Lunpola basin, the middle of the second member of Niubao Formation is major source rock and Jiangriacuo sag is the most important hydrocarbon generating sag.
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图 1 伦坡拉盆地地理位置及构造单元划分
Ⅰ.北部逆冲带；Ⅱ1.蒋日阿错凹陷；Ⅱ2.江加错凹陷；Ⅱ3.爬错凹陷；Ⅲ.南部冲断隆起带
Fig. 1. Position and division of tectonic units of Lunpola basin
图 3 伦坡拉盆地牛堡组不同层位烃源岩有机质丰度对比
a.TOC；b.氯仿沥青“A”；c.总烃“HC”
Fig. 3. Organic matter abundance contrast figure in different member of Niubao Formation of Lunpola basin
图 4 伦坡拉盆地不同凹陷牛堡组烃源岩有机质丰度 (TOC) 对比
a.牛二段中亚段；b.牛二段上亚段；c.牛三段下亚段
Fig. 4. Organic matter abundance (TOC) contrast figure Niubao Formation in different sag of Lunpola basin
图 5 伦坡拉盆地牛堡组优质烃源岩平面分布
a.牛二段中亚段；b.牛二段上亚段；c.牛三段下亚段
Fig. 5. Predicted thickness of high quality source rock of Niubao Formation in Lunpola basin
图 6 伦坡拉盆地烃源岩有机质类型判别
Fig. 6. Type of organic matter of the source rocks in the Lunpola basin
图 7 伦坡拉盆地W1井烃源岩成熟度模拟
a.成熟度演化史；b.模拟值与实测值对比
Fig. 7. The maturity modeling of Well W1 in Lunpola basin
图 8 伦坡拉盆地牛堡组烃源岩 (底界) 有机质现今成熟度平面分布
a.牛二段中亚段；b.牛二段上亚段；c.牛三段下亚段
Fig. 8. The maturity predicition on major source rocks in Lunpola basin
表 1 烃源岩丰度评价标准
Table 1. Evaluation criterion of hydrocarbon source rock organic matter abundance
烃源岩类型 有机地化评价指标 总有机碳TOC (%) 氯仿沥青“A”(%) 总烃“HC”(%) 优质 ＞1.0 ＞0.10 ＞0.05 较好 1.0~0.6 0.05~0.10 0.02~0.05 较差 0.6~0.4 0.01~0.05 0.01~0.02 非烃源岩 ＜0.4 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 据黄第藩 (1992) 修改. 
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表 2 伦坡拉盆地W1井牛堡组烃源岩TOC测井预测模型优选
Table 2. TOC predication models with Well-W1 logging for mudstones in Lunpola basin
测井参数 总有机碳 (TOC) 定量预测模型 相关系数 回归标准 单参数模型 自然伽马 (GR) TOC=0.011 7GR-0.460 4 0.408 4 1.294 6 声波时差 (AC) TOC=0.075 8AC-4.273 0 0.513 2 1.266 7 电阻率 (RD) TOC=0.152 47RD+0.526 5 0.583 9 1.246 5 密度 (DEN) TOC=37.134 0/DEN-12.870 0 0.6184 1.236 1 中子 (CNL) TOC=0.118 8/CNL-1.476 4 0.483 0 1.274 8 多参数模型 Δ logRD法 TOC=0.049logRD+0.764AC-2.793 0595 6 1.251 0 lx指数法 TOC=0.0001lx其中lx=(ΔAC-ΔAC1)*(ΔGR-ΔGR1) 0.487 4 1.273 6 CARBOLOG法 TOC=-0.74AC+0.058RD-l/2-2.638 0.548 0 1.286 2 多参数回归法 $\text{TOC=}\frac{\left( 0.003AC+0.010GR+0.172RT+0.088CNL+15.001 \right)}{DEN}-6.201$ 0.851 7 1.136 0 注：参数单位为TOC(%);GR(API);CNL(%);DEN(g/cm3);RD(Ω·m);AC(μs/ft).
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表 3 伦坡拉盆地W1井牛堡组烃源岩TOC预测精度分析
Table 3. The analysis on precision of TOC predication of the Niubao Formation of Well-W1 in Lunpola basin
深度 (m) TOC实测值 TOC预测值 绝对误差 相对误差 (%) 1 848.2 0.99 1.02 0.03 3.0 1 848.7 1.57 1.64 0.07 4.5 1 849.2 0.98 1.01 0.03 3.1 1 849.7 1.09 1.12 0.03 2.8 1 850.1 1.55 1.64 0.09 5.8 1 850.7 1.05 1.10 0.05 4.8 1 851.2 0.89 0.94 0.05 5.6 1 851.7 0.94 0.96 0.02 2.1 1 852.7 3.18 3.52 0.34 10.7 1 853.1 1.15 1.12 -0.03 2.6 1 853.7 1.30 1.42 0.12 9.2 1 854.3 0.78 0.91 0.13 16.7 1 854.8 0.77 0.88 0.11 14.3 1 855.1 0.72 0.81 0.09 12.5 1 855.7 0.64 0.71 0.07 10.9 1 856.2 0.74 0.76 0.02 2.7 1 856.7 0.54 0.56 0.02 3.7 1 857.1 0.88 0.79 -0.09 10.2 1 948.2 0.74 0.69 -0.05 6.8 1 948.6 1.03 1.21 0.18 17.5 1 949.1 0.76 0.78 0.02 2.6 1 950.9 1.01 1.13 0.12 11.9 1 951.6 0.23 0.24 0.01 4.3 1 952.1 0.33 0.35 0.02 6.1
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表 4 伦坡拉盆地代表性单井牛堡组烃源岩厚度预测结果
Table 4. Prediction thickness of the source rocks of Niubao Formation in representative wells in Lunpola basin
凹陷 井名 层位 泥岩厚度 (m) 非烃源岩 较差烃源岩 较好烃源岩 优质烃源岩 厚度 (m) 比例 (%) 厚度 (m) 比例 (%) 厚度 (m) 比例 (%) 厚度 (m) 比例 (%) 蒋日阿错 XL3 E2n3-1 123.11 0 0 0.33 0.27 85.46 69.42 37.32 30.31 E2n2-3 168.50 0 0 0 0 67.19 39.88 101.31 60.12 E2n2-2 496.32 0 0 1.31 0.26 324.74 65.43 170.26 34.30 江加错 W1 E2n3-1 44.47 0 0 1.43 3.22 10.91 24.53 32.13 72.25 E2n2-3 124.58 0 0 7.27 5.84 29.66 23.81 87.65 70.36 E2n2-2 238.20 0 0 2.71 1.14 99.60 41.81 135.89 57.05 XL2 E2n3-1 59.09 0 0 1.52 2.57 57.58 97.44 0 0 E2n2-3 74.90 0 0 6.22 8.30 68.41 91.34 0.27 0.36 E2n2-2 86.04 0 0 11.33 13.17 74.71 86.84 0 0 XL8 E2n3-1 34.31 1.16 3.38 0.63 1.84 17.77 51.79 14.75 42.99 E2n2-3 83.94 0.13 0.15 1.29 1.54 58.53 69.73 23.99 28.58 E2n2-2 135.92 0 0 1.11 0.82 75.59 55.61 59.22 43.57 爬错 Z1 E2n3-1 53.30 0 0 3.76 7.05 36.12 67.77 13.42 25.18 E2n2-3 56.20 1.04 1.85 1.47 2.62 45.12 80.28 8.57 15.25 E2n2-2 399.20 15.66 3.92 21.61 5.41 287.16 71.93 74.77 18.73 XL4 E2n3-1 50.87 0 0 0 0 13.16 25.87 37.71 74.13 E2n2-3 130.05 2.45 1.88 7.03 5.41 57.17 43.96 63.41 48.76 E2n2-2 56.98 2.14 3.76 2.21 3.88 17.99 31.57 34.64 60.79 XL5 E2n3-1 12.37 0 0 0.19 1.54 12.19 98.53 0 0 E2n2-3 97.01 0 0 0.29 0.30 94.07 96.97 2.29 2.73 E2n2-2 209.69 0 0 0 0 208.26 99.32 0.93 0.68
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表 5 伦坡拉盆地牛堡组烃源岩显微组分及有机质类型
Table 5. Microcomponents and kerogen types of the Niubao Formation in the Lunpola basin
凹陷 井名 样品深度 (m) 层位 干酪根显微组分相对质量分数 (%) 类型指数 (TI) 类型 腐泥组 壳质组 惰性组 镜质组 蒋日阿错 XL1 297.25 E2n3-2 94.08 1.23 1.23 3.45 90.88 Ⅰ 815.00 E2n2-2 95.43 0.21 0.87 3.48 92.05 Ⅰ 900.00 E2n2-2 85.71 2.14 5.00 7.14 76.43 Ⅱ1 江加错 W1 1 749.90 E2n3-1 85.70 0.00 0.00 14.30 74.98 Ⅱ1 1 751.00 E2n3-1 84.00 0.00 0.00 16.00 72.00 Ⅱ1 1 752.10 E2n3-1 84.30 0.00 0.00 15.70 72.53 Ⅱ1 1 752.80 E2n3-1 88.00 0.00 0.00 12.00 79.00 Ⅱ1 1 753.80 E2n3-1 82.70 0.00 0.00 17.30 69.73 Ⅱ1 1 755.00 E2n3-1 84.30 0.30 0.00 15.40 72.90 Ⅱ1 1 756.00 E2n3-1 80.30 0.00 0.00 19.70 65.53 Ⅱ1 1 756.90 E2n3-1 85.30 0.30 0.00 14.40 74.65 Ⅱ1 XL2 940.32 E2d 95.50 0.21 2.45 1.84 91.78 Ⅰ 1 305.00 E2n3-2 95.89 0.56 0.75 2.80 93.32 Ⅰ 爬错 Z1 1 780.00 E2n2-3 93.63 1.03 1.03 4.31 89.89 Ⅰ 1 994.00 E2n2-2 89.96 0.40 2.82 6.82 82.23 Ⅰ
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