Geochronology and Geochemistry of Naruo Porphyry Cu (Au) Deposit in Duolong Ore-Concentrated Area, Tibet, and Their Geological Significance
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摘要: 多龙矿集区是班公湖-怒江成矿带最重要的组成部分，其成矿规模巨大、时间跨度较长、成矿过程复杂，因而人们对该区成岩成矿地质背景及岩石成因等问题一直争议不断，值得进一步明确.通过研究矿集区中部拿若斑岩型铜(金)矿与成矿相关的花岗闪长斑岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、全岩地球化学特征及Hf同位素组成，并与区域邻近矿床进行详细地对比研究，查明了多龙地区与成矿相关的岩浆岩形成构造背景、岩石成因及深部动力学过程.测试结果表明拿若铜(金)矿形成时代为早白垩世120Ma左右，与多龙地区其他矿床形成时代一致.这些岩浆岩均相对富集轻稀土(LREE)与大离子亲石元素(LILE: Rb, Ba, K等)；亏损重稀土(HREE )与高场强元素(HFSE: Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf等).原位锆石εHf(t)均为正值，为1.38～7.37，Hf同位素两阶段模式年龄tDM2为707～1086Ma，表明多龙矿集区斑岩-浅成低温热液型铜(金)矿形成与早白垩世班公湖-怒江特提斯洋北向俯冲有关.当俯冲洋壳到达地壳50～70km深度时发生不同程度相变，从而导致角闪石等矿物脱水产生的熔体交代楔形地幔，进而诱发幔源物质部分熔融产生弧岩浆，其形成环境类似于南美安第斯成矿带洋陆俯冲背景之下的陆缘弧环境.Abstract: As the most important part of Bangong Lake-Nujiang River metallogenic belt, the Duolong ore-concentrated area is characterized by the occurrence of huge mineralization scale, extended time span and complex forming process, resulting in controversial understanding of its petrogenesis and tectonics and those of related deposits. To address this problem, this study firstly presents new data of LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb age, whole-rock geochemistry, and in situ zircon Hf isotopes for the mineralization-associated granite porphyry in Naruo porphyry copper (gold) deposit, and secondly we make a detailed comparison with research results of other porphyry deposits in Duolong area to find out the tectonic setting, petrogenesis and geodynamic processes of the mineralization-associated porphyry in Duolong area. The test results show that the age of the Naruo Cu (Au) deposit formation is consistent with that of other deposits in Duolong area formed at Early Cretaceous about 120Ma. All the main intrusive rocks have similar lithogeochemical characteristics, for they all show the relative enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREE) and large-ion lithophile elements (LILE: Rb, Ba, K, etc.), relatively depleted in heavy rare earth elements (HREE ) and high field strength elements (HFSE: Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, etc.). Moreover, the granite porphyry shows positive εHf(t) values between 1.38-7.37, and two-stage model ages of zircons are 707-1086Ma. The results suggest that the formation of porphyry-epithermal copper (gold) deposit in Duolong ore-concentrated area is dominated by northward subduction of the Bangongcuo Tethys plate beneath Qiangtang block at Early Cretaceous. When the subducted oceanic crust reached 50-70km underground and generated different degrees of phase transformation, which leads to melt produced by dehydration of amphibole minerals metasomatized mantle wedge and induced mantle partial melting produced magmatic arc. Those deposits occurred in a continental arc tectonic setting which is similar to the continental margin arc environment of the ocean-continent subduction setting of the Andes metallogenic belt in South America.
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Key words:
- Naruo copper (gold) deposit /
- geochronology /
- geochemistry /
- Hf zircon isotope /
- continental arc /
- depleted mantle
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图 1 研究区位置(a),西藏地区构造分区(b),班公湖-怒江结合带及邻区构造单元(c)
图b根据Hou et al.(2004)修改;图c根据耿全如等(2011)修改
Fig. 1. Geographic location(a),tectonic sketch in Tibet(b),tectonic units of the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone and its neighboring areas(c)
图 2 多龙地区地质图(a),拿若铜(金)矿地质图(b),拿若矿区A-A＇剖面(c)
锆石U-Pb数据据Li et al.(2011a,2011b,2013)、方向等(2015)以及祝向平等(2015)
Fig. 2. Geological sketch of Duolong area(a)and Naruo porphyry Cu(Au)deposit(b),Section A-A＇ of the Naruo deposit(c)
图 3 拿若斑岩型铜(金)矿岩石、矿石脉体及蚀变照片
a.斑岩型矿体;b.花岗闪长斑岩中浸染状金属矿物;c.长石石英砂岩中脉-网脉状矿体;d.含硫化物石英脉;e.角砾岩型矿体;f.角砾之间填充的金属矿物;g.含矿花岗闪长斑岩;h.含矿花岗闪长斑岩,发育弱钾化(样品用于LA-ICP-MS锆石测年及Hf同位素测试);i.含矿花岗闪长岩斑岩镜下照片;j.含矿花岗闪长岩斑岩镜下照片;k.不含矿花岗闪长斑岩,发育弱青磐岩化(样品用于LA-ICP-MS锆石测年及Hf同位素测试).Py.黄铁矿;Mt.磁铁矿;Cp.黄铜矿;Bn.斑铜矿;Cov.铜蓝;Sup.硫化物;Q.石英;Kfs.钾长石;Pl.斜长石;Bi.黑云母;Ep.绿帘石;Rut.金红石
Fig. 3. Photographs of rocks,ore minerals,veins and alterations in Naruo porphyry Cu(Au)deposit
图 4 拿若斑岩型铜(金)矿区锆石CL图像、测点、U-Pb年龄及Hf同位素测试结果
Fig. 4. Zircon(CL)images with analysis spots,U-Pb ages and εHf(t)values from the Naruo porphyry Cu(Au)deposit
图 5 拿若矿区花岗闪长斑岩锆石U-Pb谐和图及206Pb/238U加权平均年龄
Fig. 5. Zircon U-Pb concordia diagrams and weighted mean 206Pb/238U ages of the granodiorite porphyry from the Naruo deposit
图 6 拿若斑岩型铜(金)矿花岗闪长斑岩地球化学图解
a.A/CNK(摩尔)-A/NK(摩尔),底图据Peccerillo and Taylor(1976);b.稀土元素Cl球粒陨石标准化配分曲线;c.微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图;Cl球粒陨石及原始地幔值分别采用Boynton(1984)和Sun and McDonough(1989);多龙地区含矿与不含矿花岗闪长斑岩数据李金祥等(2008)、Li et al.(2013)以及陈华安等(2013);拿若矿区花岗闪长斑岩数据祝向平等(2015)
Fig. 6. Geochemical diagram of granodiorite porphyry from the Naruo porphyry Cu(Au)deposit
图 7 拿若斑岩型铜(金)矿区锆石εHf(t)值频率分布
以往研究数据祝向平等(2015)
Fig. 7. Frequency histogram of zircons εHf(t)value from Naruo porphyry Cu(Au)deposit
图 8 多龙地区主要岩浆活动
图中包括多不杂、波龙、拿若、拿顿、荣那5个矿床共计35个数据;数据佘宏全等(2009)、李金祥等(2008)、Li et al.(2011a,2011b,2013)、方向等(2015)、陈华安等(2013)、祝向平等(2015)以及王勤等(2015)
Fig. 8. Age of main magmatic event in Duolong area
图 9 拿若斑岩型铜(金)矿区花岗闪长斑岩地球化学图解
a.Th/Ta-Yb,底图据Gorton and Schandl(2000);b.Th/Yb-Nb/Yb;底图据Pearce(1983);c.Th-Co-Zr/10;d.Th-Sc-Zr/10,底图据Bhatia and Crook(1986).A.洋岛弧;B.陆缘弧;C.活动大陆边缘;D.被动大陆边缘.图中符号同图 6a
Fig. 9. Geochemical discrimination diagrams of granodiorite porphyry from the Naruo porphyry Cu(Au)deposit
图 10 拿若矿区花岗闪长斑岩岩石性质及源区判别
a.Y-Sr/Y,底图据Defant and Drummond(1990);b.YbN-(La/Yb)N图解,底图据Martin(1999);c.Th/Ce-Th/Sm图解,底图据Boztuet al.(2007);d.Al2O3+FeOT+MgO+TiO2-Al2O3/(FeOT+MgO+TiO2)图解,底图据PatioDouce(1999);图中符号同图 6a
Fig. 10. Discriminant diagrams of rock properties and source region discrimination of Naruo granodiorite porphyry
图 11 拿若矿区花岗闪长斑岩εHf(t)与U-Pb年龄关系
部分数据祝向平等(2015);多龙地区数据李金祥等(2008)、Li et al.(2013)以及陈华安等(2013)
Fig. 11. Plot of εHf(t)versus U-Pb ages of granodiorite porphyry from Naruo deposit
图 12 多龙地区岩浆活动及矿床形成动力学模型
Fig. 12. Geodynamic model for the generation of the magma and the formation of the deposit in Duolong area
表 1 拿若矿区花岗闪长斑岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素分析结果
Table 1. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb isotopes analyzed data of the granodiorite porphyry from the Naruo deposite
样品点 Pb(10-6) Th(10-6) U(10-6) Th/U 同位素比值 年龄(Ma) 206Pb/238U 1σ 207Pb/235U 1σ 207Pb/206Pb 1σ 206Pb/238U 1σ 207Pb/235U 1σ 207Pb/206Pb 1σ Z01-01 5 162 255 0.63 0.0187 0.0002 0.1443 0.0123 0.0560 0.0048 119.34 1.05 137 12 453 189 Z01-02 9 265 469 0.57 0.0186 0.0001 0.1553 0.0076 0.0606 0.0030 118.79 0.80 147 7 623 105 Z01-03 10 293 505 0.58 0.0189 0.0001 0.1252 0.0063 0.0479 0.0024 120.96 0.77 120 6 95 118 Z01-04 7 227 321 0.71 0.0188 0.0001 0.1350 0.0098 0.0520 0.0038 120.30 0.87 129 9 285 165 Z01-05 3 82 164 0.50 0.0187 0.0002 0.1395 0.0204 0.0540 0.0081 119.59 1.47 133 19 372 336 Z01-06 6 186 304 0.61 0.0188 0.0001 0.1413 0.0077 0.0544 0.0029 120.36 0.89 134 7 387 121 Z01-07 5 123 233 0.53 0.0189 0.0001 0.1605 0.0131 0.0615 0.0050 120.92 0.93 151 12 656 174 Z01-08 9 308 413 0.75 0.0190 0.0001 0.1752 0.0081 0.0669 0.0029 121.24 0.94 164 8 836 90 Z01-09 4 113 205 0.55 0.0190 0.0003 0.1300 0.0307 0.0496 0.0119 121.35 1.73 124 29 176 558 Z01-10 5 124 229 0.54 0.0191 0.0002 0.1293 0.0176 0.0492 0.0068 121.69 1.08 123 17 157 323 Z01-11 8 193 391 0.49 0.0191 0.0001 0.1267 0.0106 0.0482 0.0038 121.82 0.89 121 10 108 188 Z01-12 3 98 159 0.62 0.0191 0.0002 0.1380 0.0185 0.0523 0.0072 122.10 1.18 131 18 300 313 Z15-01 10 387 503 0.77 0.0185 0.0001 0.1412 0.0058 0.0555 0.0022 117.96 0.79 134 5 431 88 Z15-02 6 219 297 0.74 0.0185 0.0001 0.1467 0.0106 0.0575 0.0042 118.14 0.88 139 10 512 160 Z15-03 8 301 429 0.70 0.0185 0.0001 0.1304 0.0059 0.0510 0.0023 118.33 0.78 124 6 243 104 Z15-04 6 170 286 0.60 0.0188 0.0002 0.1400 0.0103 0.0540 0.0038 120.02 0.97 133 10 372 159 Z15-05 10 145 521 0.28 0.0187 0.0003 0.2119 0.0193 0.0824 0.0064 119.13 1.84 195 18 1255 152 Z15-06 11 450 528 0.85 0.0188 0.0001 0.1408 0.0063 0.0542 0.0024 120.31 0.79 134 6 380 99 Z15-07 5 150 251 0.60 0.0190 0.0001 0.1270 0.0105 0.0485 0.0040 121.21 0.92 121 10 126 193 Z15-08 4 109 214 0.51 0.0188 0.0002 0.1260 0.0186 0.0486 0.0074 120.02 1.07 121 18 130 357 Z15-09 3 80 159 0.50 0.0188 0.0002 0.1322 0.0174 0.0510 0.0070 120.00 1.12 126 17 242 316 Z15-10 8 179 441 0.41 0.0186 0.0001 0.1342 0.0084 0.0523 0.0032 118.87 0.79 128 8 299 140 Z15-11 14 565 689 0.82 0.0187 0.0001 0.1146 0.0043 0.0444 0.0016 119.63 0.90 110 4 -90 90 注：因测得年龄＜1000Ma，故采用206Pb/238U年龄. 
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表 2 拿若斑岩型铜(金)矿区花岗闪长斑岩的主量元素(%)和微量元素(10-6)分析结果
Table 2. Major elements(%)and trace elements(10-6)analytic data of the granodiorite porphyry from the Naruo porphyry Cu(Au)deposit
岩性样品编号 含矿花岗闪长斑岩 不含矿花岗闪长斑岩 Z01-125 Z01-278 Z07-263 Z07-301 Z08-239 Z15-179 Z15-255 SiO2 65.01 65.13 64.53 65.54 64.85 63.91 64.71 Al2O3 15.19 14.16 15.98 15.87 15.45 15.50 14.96 Fe2O3 1.66 2.75 2.89 2.83 2.19 2.33 2.22 FeO 4.29 3.17 3.02 2.44 3.82 4.19 3.84 MgO 1.57 1.65 1.71 1.62 1.66 1.74 1.73 CaO 3.00 2.00 2.82 1.48 3.05 3.86 3.60 K2O 3.01 4.60 2.64 3.44 2.80 2.61 2.25 TiO2 0.37 0.36 0.37 0.32 0.38 0.39 0.38 MnO 0.14 0.19 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.08 0.09 P2O5 0.13 0.12 0.14 0.10 0.12 0.15 0.13 LOSS 2.55 4.34 2.57 3.46 2.67 2.17 2.73 Total 99.45 98.57 99.44 99.17 99.37 99.64 99.34 FeOT 5.79 5.64 5.62 4.98 5.79 6.28 5.84 Mg# 32.6 34.27 35.15 36.68 33.84 33.06 34.56 ANK 2.05 2.74 2.19 2.26 2.27 2.18 2.13 ACNK 1.18 1.61 1.29 1.63 1.25 1.12 1.08 Bi 0.70 2.21 0.22 0.52 0.48 0.22 0.10 Li 28.30 25.05 30.46 23.76 21.51 24.58 27.53 Be 1.46 1.09 1.36 1.25 1.30 1.17 1.33 Sc 8.97 7.07 8.25 7.81 8.03 7.16 7.71 V 81.62 59.88 76.13 87.61 82.01 74.19 83.80 Cr 7.34 4.78 5.77 5.05 6.03 6.18 7.23 Co 9.33 7.53 6.22 6.05 8.09 8.35 8.80 Ni 5.96 4.62 3.83 2.69 6.54 7.33 13.19 Cu 602.00 5 733.00 399.30 357.30 1 422.00 2 528.50 356.30 Pb 12.57 10.44 9.44 6.07 10.67 10.75 8.76 Zn 110.05 77.25 60.87 50.05 64.84 67.41 38.05 Ga 18.04 15.62 18.27 18.09 17.56 17.99 18.16 Rb 72.32 193.70 75.71 133.10 90.12 63.51 90.49 Sr 421.40 421.70 402.70 208.20 379.30 453.85 480.90 Y 12.07 7.99 12.57 12.84 8.93 9.35 9.59 Zr 95.18 76.82 91.61 84.08 97.41 97.92 89.95 Nb 8.81 6.59 5.26 5.27 7.29 6.78 7.88 Cs 18.32 17.71 16.62 15.98 10.99 10.92 28.79 Ba 615.70 791.20 515.70 591.30 425.90 414.60 482.50 La 12.60 9.33 10.60 15.44 8.74 10.60 10.72 Ce 18.72 15.42 16.19 25.60 12.59 15.30 15.64 Pr 2.84 2.35 2.60 3.89 1.89 2.26 2.29 Nd 11.28 9.27 10.86 15.56 7.61 9.03 9.07 Sm 2.19 1.88 2.20 2.96 1.47 1.74 1.73 Eu 0.60 0.69 0.63 0.81 0.51 0.57 0.58 Gd 1.88 1.86 1.96 2.71 1.40 1.59 1.59 Tb 0.35 0.35 0.37 0.50 0.26 0.28 0.28 Dy 1.90 1.98 2.08 2.71 1.41 1.55 1.52 Ho 0.35 0.32 0.38 0.47 0.26 0.29 0.28 Er 1.18 1.09 1.26 1.56 0.84 0.92 0.90 Tm 0.19 0.17 0.20 0.27 0.13 0.14 0.14 Yb 1.31 1.11 1.38 1.62 0.86 0.90 0.90 Lu 0.21 0.17 0.22 0.26 0.14 0.15 0.14 Hf 12.07 7.99 12.57 12.84 8.93 9.35 9.59 Ta 0.76 0.57 0.48 1.00 0.52 0.53 0.71 Tl 0.84 1.65 0.88 1.08 1.09 0.85 1.31 Th 9.93 9.06 8.07 6.76 6.59 7.07 7.36 U 1.12 0.88 0.87 0.75 0.37 0.49 0.64 ΣREE 55.57 45.99 50.93 74.38 38.10 45.32 45.79 LREE 48.22 38.93 43.07 64.28 32.81 39.50 40.03 HREE 7.35 7.06 7.86 10.10 5.29 5.82 5.76 LREE/HREE 6.56 5.52 5.48 6.37 6.20 6.79 6.95 δEu 0.91 1.14 0.93 0.88 1.09 1.05 1.07 δCe 0.77 0.81 0.76 0.81 0.76 0.77 0.77 LaN/YbN 6.91 6.04 5.53 6.84 7.28 8.41 8.54 注:A/CNK=(Al2O3)/(CaO+K2O+Na2O)摩尔比值;A/NK=(Al2O3)/(K2O+Na2O)摩尔比值;δEu=EuN/[(SmN)×(GdN)]1/2;δCe=CeN/[(LaN)×(PrN)]1/2.
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表 3 拿若斑岩型铜(金)矿区锆石Hf同位素分析结果
Table 3. Hf isotopes analyzed data of the zircons from the Naruo porphyry Cu(Au)deposit
岩性 样品编号 年龄(Ma) 176Yb/177Hf 176Lu/177Hf 176Hf/177Hf 2σ (176Hf/177Hf)i εHf(0) εHf(t) 2σ tDM1(Ma) tDM2(Ma) fLu/Hf 含矿花岗闪长斑岩 Z01-01 119.59 0.062560 0.001861 0.282868 0.000016 0.282864 3.39 5.87 0.6 558 801 -0.94 Z01-02 121.24 0.035551 0.001092 0.282883 0.000016 0.282881 3.94 6.51 0.6 524 761 -0.97 Z01-03 121.69 0.059476 0.001616 0.282893 0.000014 0.282890 4.29 6.83 0.5 517 741 -0.95 Z01-04 120.92 0.047134 0.001418 0.282881 0.000015 0.282878 3.85 6.39 0.5 532 768 -0.96 Z01-05 121.35 0.052565 0.001445 0.282889 0.000016 0.282886 4.13 6.68 0.6 521 750 -0.96 Z01-06 120.30 0.034450 0.001024 0.282863 0.000015 0.282860 3.21 5.77 0.5 553 808 -0.97 Z01-07 122.10 0.026299 0.000772 0.282906 0.000016 0.282905 4.75 7.37 0.6 487 707 -0.98 Z01-08 121.82 0.031657 0.000958 0.282899 0.000013 0.282897 4.50 7.09 0.5 500 724 -0.97 Z01-09 120.36 0.054250 0.001642 0.282876 0.000013 0.282872 3.67 6.18 0.5 543 781 -0.95 不含矿花岗闪长斑岩 Z15-01 121.21 0.029555 0.000831 0.282846 0.000017 0.282845 2.63 5.23 0.6 573 843 -0.97 Z15-02 120.02 0.019530 0.000565 0.282853 0.000014 0.282852 2.88 5.47 0.5 559 827 -0.98 Z15-03 120.00 0.047284 0.001260 0.282860 0.000016 0.282857 3.10 5.63 0.6 561 816 -0.96 Z15-04 118.14 0.032316 0.000841 0.282740 0.000016 0.282738 -1.15 1.38 0.6 724 1086 -0.97 Z15-05 120.02 0.031431 0.000879 0.282830 0.000015 0.282828 2.05 4.62 0.5 597 881 -0.97 Z15-06 120.31 0.034790 0.000999 0.282844 0.000015 0.282842 2.54 5.10 0.5 579 851 -0.97 Z15-07 118.33 0.033119 0.000980 0.282829 0.000016 0.282827 2.01 4.53 0.6 600 885 -0.97 Z15-08 119.13 0.032367 0.001021 0.282835 0.000015 0.282833 2.23 4.77 0.5 592 871 -0.97
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