The Chronology, Geochemical Characteristics and Geological Significance of the Mesozoic Shiyaogou Hidden Granite at the East Qinling
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摘要: 石瑶沟花岗岩是华北陆块南缘东秦岭熊耳山地区近年来发现的首个埋藏在地下，与钼矿化有关的隐伏花岗岩体.主要岩性为中-细粒黑云母二长花岗岩和斑状花岗岩，LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示其主体形成时期为140.46±0.59 Ma~136.53±0.44 Ma，为早白垩世岩浆活动产物.石瑶沟花岗岩SiO2=70.27%~73.22%，Al2O3=12.71%~14.96%，MgO=0.23%~0.54%，全碱(K2O+Na2O)含量(质量百分比)变化范围为6.43%~11.78%，显示高硅、富碱特征.里特曼指数(δ)变化范围为2.11~3.02，AR介于1.48~5.73之间，为钙碱性；ACNK值=0.95~1.01，属准铝质-过铝质Ⅰ型花岗岩.岩体稀土总量(∑REE)变化于147×10-6~322×10-6，LREE/HREE比值变化于15.2~25.2，LaN/YbN=19.1~50.5×10-6，轻重稀土分馏程度较高，在球粒陨石标准化分配模式图上总体表现为轻稀土富集、左陡右平的右倾斜型.岩体Sr含量变化较大(133×10-6~759×10-6，平均371×10-6)，Y、Yb含量(Y=10.02×10-6~18.80×10-6，平均12.57×10-6；Yb=1.16×10-6~2.02×10-6，平均1.40×10-6)和Sr/Y比值(12.77~61.66，平均30.44) 低，具中等-弱的负Eu异常(δEu=0.53~0.71，平均0.62)，反映岩浆发生过长石分离结晶作用.石瑶沟花岗岩Isr=0.707 44~0.713 84，εSr(t)= 44.1~134.9，εNd(t)=-12.96~-13.46，其tDM2=2.00~2.01 Ga，显示其与附近中生代合峪花岗岩基具同源性，岩浆源区包括南秦岭地块、扬子陆块以及部分太华群、熊耳群物质.综合石瑶沟隐伏花岗岩特征和区域地质演化，可得出结论：东秦岭地区在侏罗纪前的陆内俯冲体制下，南秦岭地块及扬子基底向华北陆块下俯冲碰撞使地壳加厚，侏罗纪-白垩纪之交的挤压向伸展转换过程中形成的减压增温环境，使该区中-下地壳岩石发生部分熔融，最终在早白垩世形成石瑶沟花岗岩.Abstract: The Shiyaogou granite is a related to the molybdenum mineralization hidden granite, which is found for the first time in the Xionger Mountain at the East Qinling, southern margin of North China landmass. The lithology of the granite is mainly medium-fine biotite monzogranite and porphyritic granite, and the LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating results indicate that it was formed in the early Cretaceous(140.45±0.75 Ma-136.64±0.55 Ma). The geochemical data show that the granite is characterized by SiO2(70.27%-73.22%), Al2O3(12.71%-14.96%), MgO(0.23%-0.54%), the total alkaline(K2O+Na2O) ranging from 6.43% to 11.78wt%, which suggests that the granite has high silicon and rich alkali characteristics. The Rittmann Index (δ) ranges from 2.11 to 3.02, and AR ranges from 1.48 to 5.73, which shows the granite is calc-alkaline series. The A/CNK value is 0.95-1.01, and shows a Aluminum-peraluminous Ⅰ-type granite characteristic. The ∑REE of the granite ranges form 147×10-6 to 322×10-6, the ratio of LREE/HREE ranges from 15.2 to 25.2, and the value of LaN/YbN ranges from 19.10×10-6 to 50.50×10-6. The chonrite standardized distribution pattern is characterized by enrichment of LREE in the right-dipping type with medium-weak negative Eu anomalies(δEu=0.53-0.71, average 0.62). The trace elements are characterized by the value of Sr(133×10-6-759×10-6, average 371×10-6), the low value of Y and Yb(Y=10.02×10-6-18.80×10-6, average 12.57×10-6; Yb=1.16×10-6-2.02×10-6, average 1.40×10-6), and the lower ratio of Sr/Y(12.77-61.66, average 30.44). The geochemical characteristics reflect the granite melt experienced feldspar fractional crystallization in the magma. The initial isotopic Sr ratio(Isr=0.707 44-0.713 84), the initial epsilon Sr(εSr(t)= 44.1-134.9) and Nd(εNd(t)=-12.96 to -13.46) disclose the Shiyaogou hidden granite has a magma homology with the Mesozoic Heyu granite. The Nd model ages(tDM2) of the granites are concentrated in 2.00-2.01 Ga. All the isotopic data suggest the granite formed by the melting of the South Qinling and Yangtze block crystalline basement and with participation of Taihua and Xionger groups. The regional geology and geochemical characteristics suggest that the formtion of the Shiyaogou granite experienced two stages: Before Jurassic, the crust of East Qinling thickened with the subduction-collision of South Qinling and Yangtze Block under the North China block; In the Jurassic and Cretaceous, when the extrusion environment changed to the extension condition, with the decompression and warming, partial melting of the middle-lower continental crust, finally formed the Shiyaogou granite in the Early Cretaceous.
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图 1 东秦岭钼成矿带及石瑶沟钼矿区地质
图a中：a.商丹断裂带；b.栾川断裂带；c.三门峡-鲁山断裂带；d.太行山断裂带；e.南漳断裂带；图b中：1.金堆城钼矿；2.木龙沟铁(钼)矿；3.银家沟钼多金属硫铁矿；4.夜长坪钼矿；5.上房沟钼矿；6.南泥湖钼矿；7.三道庄钼矿；8.雷门沟钼矿；9.东沟钼矿；10.鱼池岭钼矿；11.石瑶沟钼矿；图c中：Chj.熊耳群焦园组；Chp.熊耳群坡前街组；K2-E1g1.上白垩统-第三系；Q.第四系；据叶会寿等(2006)略改
Fig. 1. Simplified geological map of the East Qinling Molybdenum belt and Shiyaogou Mo deposit
图 2 石瑶沟花岗岩体岩石及岩相学特征
a.中-细粒黑云母二长花岗岩(编号：ZK599，深度：1 395 m)；b.斑状花岗岩(编号：ZK519，深度：788 m)；c.花岗细晶岩(编号：ZK5507，深度：1 490 m)；Kp.钾长石；Pl.斜长石，Bit.黑云母；Mu.白云母；Sph.榍石；Q.石英；均为正交偏光
Fig. 2. Petrological and petrographical characteristics of the Shiyaogou granites
图 4 石瑶沟花岗岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄谐和图及加权平均年龄图
Fig. 4. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb concordant and average weighted diagrams for Shiyaogou granites
图 5 石瑶沟花岗岩Na2O-K2O和铝饱和指数
Na2O-K2O据Collins(1982)；铝饱和指数据Maniar and Piccolli(1989)
Fig. 5. Na2O-K2O and Al saturation index diagrams of Shiyaogou granites
图 6 石瑶沟钼矿花岗岩微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图
原始地幔标准化值引自McDonough(1992)
Fig. 6. Chondrite-nomalized REE patterns and primitive mantle-normalized spider diagrams of granites from Shiyaogou Mo mine
图 7 石瑶沟花岗岩Sr-Yb分类
a.埃达克岩；b.低Sr低Y型花岗岩；c.高Sr高Y型花岗岩；d.低Sr高Y型花岗岩；e.极低Sr高Y型花岗岩；据张旗等(2006)
Fig. 7. The classification of Shiyaogou granitoids on the basis of Sr and Yb contents
图 8 石瑶沟花岗岩(La/Yb)N-YbN及Sr/Y-Y关系
底图据Defant and Drummond et al.(1990)；合峪花岗岩数据据高昕宇等(2010)
Fig. 8. (La/Yb)N-YbN and Sr/Y-Y relationship for Shiyaogou granites
图 9 石瑶沟钼矿隐伏花岗(斑)岩Nd-Sr同位素组成
B源区.玄武岩源区；C源区.陆壳源区；BC源区.过渡源区；据张旗等(2008)
Fig. 9. Isotopic plot of Nd-Sr for Shiyaogou granites
图 10 秦岭造山带构造块体结晶基底和盖层的Nd同位素组成
Fig. 10. Nd isotopic composition of the Qinling orogenic belt
表 1 石瑶沟花岗岩主要岩性特征
Table 1. The mainly lithology of Shiyaogou granites
中-细粒黑云母二长花岗岩 斑状花岗岩 花岗细晶岩 颜色 灰白色-浅肉红色 浅肉红色-肉红色 鲜肉红色、浅红色 结构 似斑状结构，基质细粒花岗结构 多斑结构-基质细微晶结构 似斑状结构，基质细粒花岗结构 矿物组合 斑晶 斜长石：15%±；钾长石：30%~35%；石英：15%± 钾长石：25%；斜长石25%；石英：10%；黑云母：3%~5% 斜长石：2%；钾长石：2%；石英：1% 基质 斜长石：15%±；钾长石：5%~10%；石英：10%~15%；黑云母：3%~5% 钾长石：10%~15%；斜长石：10%；石英：10%；黑云母：2%~3% 斜长石：30%；钾长石：35%~40%；石英：25%；黑云母：3%~5% 副矿物 磁铁矿、磷灰石、锆石、榍石、褐帘石 磷灰石、锆石、褐帘石 磁铁矿、磷灰石、锆石、榍石 次生矿物 绢云母、白云母、高岭土、绿泥石等 绢云母、白云母、高岭土、碳酸盐、石英、锡石等 绢云母、白云母、高岭土、硬石膏、绿泥石、不透明矿物、锡石等 图 图 2a 图 2b 图 2c 
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表 2 石瑶沟花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测试结果
Table 2. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb date for the Shiyaogou granites
表 3 石瑶沟花岗岩主量(质量百分比)、微量元素(10-6)分析
Table 3. Major element (%) and trace element (10-6) compositions of Shiyaogou granites
样号 中-细粒黑云母二长花岗岩 斑状花岗岩 花岗细晶岩 479-63 599-48 599-51 599-58 5507-10' 519-40 519-43 479-66 5507-8' SiO2 71.67 71.66 72.24 70.27 73.14 71.42 72.23 71.49 73.22 Al2O3 13.42 13.87 13.93 14.96 13.48 13.86 13.46 12.87 12.71 Fe2O3 1.38 0.68 0.97 1.22 1.08 0.72 0.94 1.11 1.00 FeO 0.66 0.73 0.78 0.97 0.84 0.87 0.74 0.94 0.39 MgO 0.47 0.27 0.38 0.44 0.40 0.35 0.35 0.54 0.23 CaO 1.36 1.39 1.37 1.71 1.49 1.45 1.27 1.31 0.91 Na2O 2.84 3.30 3.72 4.34 3.70 3.10 3.06 2.35 2.14 K2O 5.95 5.89 5.09 4.50 4.29 5.55 5.49 6.70 7.44 MnO 0.05 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.05 P2O5 0.12 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.16 0.07 TiO2 0.34 0.28 0.27 0.36 0.31 0.26 0.26 0.27 0.28 H2O+ 0.66 0.62 0.37 0.36 0.38 0.59 0.71 0.66 0.51 H2O- 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.04 0.95 0.11 0.10 0.08 LOI 1.48 1.56 0.90 0.88 0.94 2.08 1.87 2.05 1.32 Total 99.75 99.78 99.80 99.80 99.81 99.79 99.80 99.82 99.76 Fe2O3T 1.41 0.69 0.98 1.23 1.10 0.74 0.96 1.14 1.02 FeOT 1.93 1.36 1.66 2.09 1.84 1.55 1.63 1.99 1.32 DI 89.32 90.96 90.01 87.51 88.83 89.31 90.13 90.24 93.69 A/NK 1.21 1.18 1.20 1.25 1.26 1.25 1.23 1.16 1.10 A/CNK 0.99 0.97 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.01 0.95 0.96 K2O/Na2O 2.09 1.79 1.37 1.04 1.16 1.79 1.80 2.85 3.48 SI 4.18 2.45 3.47 3.88 3.91 3.34 3.34 4.61 2.04 AR 1.48 1.55 1.64 1.70 1.66 1.51 1.52 4.52 5.73 Mg# 16.12 13.29 15.12 14.26 14.64 15.25 14.60 17.56 11.99 δ 2.68 2.92 2.64 2.85 2.11 2.61 2.47 2.84 3.02 La 52.34 43.85 43.93 60.66 49.96 41.90 42.34 33.19 81.85 Ce 98.00 87.00 87.00 115.00 98.00 83.00 86.00 66.00 151.00 Pr 11.37 9.83 9.52 13.49 10.94 9.12 9.39 7.56 16.44 Nd 38.50 32.65 32.01 46.60 37.01 30.27 30.85 25.55 52.56 Sm 5.53 4.86 4.84 7.97 5.58 4.42 4.61 3.99 7.11 Eu 1.14 0.98 0.95 1.26 1.04 0.86 0.89 0.86 1.20 Gd 4.68 3.78 4.02 6.21 4.70 3.73 4.00 3.29 5.89 Tb 0.62 0.47 0.51 0.86 0.60 0.50 0.53 0.45 0.64 Dy 2.72 2.17 2.33 3.90 2.72 2.24 2.50 2.07 2.57 Ho 0.45 0.36 0.39 0.67 0.45 0.41 0.45 0.37 0.42 Er 1.33 1.04 1.15 1.89 1.44 1.22 1.38 1.11 1.25 Tm 0.20 0.15 0.18 0.30 0.21 0.18 0.23 0.18 0.17 Yb 1.39 1.18 1.26 2.02 1.44 1.39 1.51 1.24 1.16 Lu 0.22 0.16 0.18 0.29 0.23 0.22 0.27 0.23 0.21 ∑REE 218 188 188 261 214 180 185 147 322 LREE 207 179 178 245 203 170 174 138 310 HREE 11.61 9.30 10.01 16.13 11.80 9.90 10.88 8.95 12.31 L/H 17.81 19.24 17.77 15.19 17.18 17.14 15.97 15.37 25.17 LaN/YbN 27.03 26.77 25.04 21.57 24.95 21.55 20.11 19.14 50.50 LaN/SmN 6.11 5.83 5.86 4.92 5.78 6.12 5.93 5.37 7.43 GdN/LuN 2.60 2.90 2.78 2.65 2.53 2.07 1.82 1.75 3.55 Eu/Eu* 0.67 0.67 0.64 0.53 0.60 0.63 0.62 0.71 0.55 Ce/Ce* 0.94 0.98 0.99 0.94 0.98 1.00 1.01 0.99 0.95 Rb 208 337 254 200 180 369 330 269 450 Ba 718 903 838 808 726 798 727 495 1059 Th 20.99 20.39 19.49 25.69 20.86 20.08 18.48 22.84 16.47 U 5.46 6.98 6.32 9.10 5.45 11.52 11.24 14.58 5.72 K 50 272 49 784 42 699 37 776 36 015 47 175 46 518 56 855 62 742 Nb 19.99 11.55 15.81 45.55 25.02 19.11 18.72 18.62 10.61 Ta 1.16 1.17 1.14 3.71 1.62 1.48 1.73 1.18 0.71 Pb 21.41 32.22 26 23.98 19.41 22.26 24.18 21.79 29.52 Sr 759.1 306 326.1 361.3 328.9 489.9 396 133 243.5 P 531 366 385 443 407 355 372 712 292 Zr 231 201 201 216 216 182 181 198 252 Hf 7.04 6.91 6.60 8.13 6.48 6.38 6.53 7.00 7.82 Ti 2 089 1 722 1 663 2 164 1 895 1 605 1 617 1 660 1 707 Y 12.31 10.02 11.03 18.80 13.37 11.21 12.26 10.41 12.29 Cs 4.02 4.81 3.78 4.05 2.66 7.12 6.22 4.77 5.37 Cu 56.8 48.2 8.0 7.1 5.9 22.5 37.5 303.3 17.5 Zn 31.2 133.6 55.3 56.1 42.8 40.0 36.1 33.6 41.9 Cr 16.1 16.0 17.0 17.4 18.8 16.3 15.4 15.9 17.3 Co 2.73 0.98 1.01 2.34 2.31 1.47 1.89 3.45 1.34 Ni 1.3 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.1 2.2 0.8 V 37.4 36.6 37.3 42.6 48.2 39.4 35.3 32.6 38.7 Sc 3.90 3.69 4.21 4.80 4.37 4.20 4.03 4.67 3.87 Mo 208 55 23 2 1 4 12 265 1 In 0.04 0.09 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.10 0.04 Sb 0.16 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.18 0.17 0.25 0.10 W 2.75 5.27 1.26 2.32 4.62 6.31 8.60 6.37 5.96 Tl 1.29 1.76 1.24 0.87 0.91 2.02 1.90 1.76 2.31 Bi 0.43 0.72 0.14 0.08 0.05 0.12 0.26 0.55 0.49 Rb/Sr 0.27 1.10 0.78 0.55 0.55 0.75 0.83 2.02 1.85 Sr/Y 61.66 30.55 29.55 19.22 24.61 43.72 32.31 12.77 19.81 T(℃) 938 922 923 931 931 911 911 921 948 注：Fe2O3T为全铁；A/CNK=Al2O3/(Na2O+K2O+CaO)为摩尔数分数比；A/NK=Al2O3/(Na2O+K2O)为摩尔数分数比；Mg#=100×Mg2+/(Fe2++Mg2+)；Eu/Eu*=2EuN/(SmN+GdN)；Ce/Ce*=2CeN/(LaN+PrN)；LaN/YbN、LaN/SmN、GdN/LuN为球粒陨石标准化值，标准化值引自McDonough(1992)；TZr为锆石饱和温度，计算公式为TZr=12 900/[2.95+0.85M+ln(496 000/Zrmelt)]，式中M=(Na+K+2Ca)/(Al×Si)，Zrmelt为熔体中Zr含量(Watson and Harrison, 1983).
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表 4 石瑶沟花岗岩全岩Sr-Nd同位素组成
Table 4. Whole-rock Sr-Nd isotope composition of Shiyaogou granites
样品号 样品名称 Rb Sr 87Sr/86Sr 87Rb/86Sr 2σ Isr εSr(0) εSr(t) 样品名称 Sm Nd 147Sm/144Nd 143Nd/144Nd 2σ ε Nd(t) t DM2(Ga) f Sm/Nd 599-58 中-细粒黑云母二长花岗岩 200 361 0.710 7 1.604 76 0.000 006 0.707 531 88.4 45.4 中-细粒黑云母二长花岗岩 7.97 46.60 0.103 323 0.511 883 0.000 003 -13.06 2.00 -0.47 5507-10 180 329 0.710 6 1.583 04 0.000 006 0.707 445 86.5 44.1 5.58 37.01 0.091 190 0.511 877 0.000 004 -12.96 2.00 -0.54 519-40 斑状花岗岩 369 490 0.717 4 2.181 20 0.000 007 0.713 168 182.9 125.4 斑状花岗岩 4.42 30.27 0.088 269 0.511 870 0.000 004 -13.10 2.00 -0.55 519-43 330 396 0.718 5 2.416 56 0.000 006 0.713 838 198.9 134.9 4.61 30.85 0.090 312 0.511 864 0.000 004 -13.26 2.01 -0.54 5507-8 花岗细晶岩 450 244 0.720 0 5.356 30 0.000 005 0.710 589 220.4 88.5 花岗细晶岩 7.11 52.56 0.081 762 0.511 855 0.000 002 -13.46 2.01 -0.58
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