Experiment of Energy Dissipation and Energy Release during Stick-Slip within Glass Beads
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摘要: 近年来，利用断层产物以及其中的颗粒来研究断层或地震带的能量耗散与释放，已引起大家的重视.在围压分别为30 kPa、60 kPa、100 kPa、200 kPa、400 kPa和600 kPa的条件下，采用直径为0.6~0.8 mm的玻璃珠以0.02 mm/min的轴向应变速率进行干燥、松散细颗粒材料的固结不排水三轴压缩试验.为了减少轴向应变过大时主应力轴旋转产生的误差及其对做功的影响，试验只分析加载后轴向应变为10%时试样变形破坏过程中的能量耗散与能量释放特性.试验结果表明：随着围压的增大，主震频率减小、偏应力降幅增大，但偏应力降幅与最大偏应力的比值逐渐趋于稳定.粘滑运动过程中，在偏应力骤降瞬间，声发射强烈、试样体积收缩，说明能量控制着试样的变形与破坏特征，耗散结构能量越大，系统发生滑动的频率越小.粘滑运动过程可以表示为能量耗散与能量突然释放.最后，从热力学的角度分析滑动过程的3个阶段，得出粘滑运动为不可逆耗散能与可释放应变能共同作用的结果.Abstract: The energy dissipation and energy release of fault gouge could be explained by analyzing the characteristics of stick-slip of glass beads. The glass beads of 0.6-0.8 mm were used to conduct the test from CVP company. The triaxial tests of dry and loose glass beads were carried out under the cell pressure of 30, 60, 100, 200, 400 and 600 kPa with axial strain rate of 0.02 mm/min. The energy dissipation and energy release in the process of failure are discussed with the axial strain rate of 10% in order to decrease the errors due to the rotation of principal stress. The results show that with increasing of cell pressure, the frequency of main shock decreases, the deviatoric stress drop increases, the ratio of deviatoric stress drop to maximum deviatoric stress becomes stable gradually. The volume of sample shrinks and acoustic emission appears in the moment of deviatoric stress drop. The energy controls the deformation and failure properties of the sample during stick-slip: the more the dissipation is, the less the frequency of sliding becomes. Stick-slip can be expressed as the process of energy dissipation and energy release. Finally, the three stages of sliding during stick-slip are discussed from the aspect of thermodynamics. The stick-slip motion is a combined effect of irreversible dissipated energy and releasable strain energy.
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Key words:
- soda-lime glass bead /
- stick-slip /
- energy dissipation /
- energy release /
- engineering geology
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图 5 最大偏应力降幅(ε=10%)(a)、Δq/qmax(b)与围压关系
Fig. 5. Relationships between Δq/qmax and cell pressure (a), Δqmax and cell pressure (b)
图 6 偏应力、体变与轴向应变的关系
Fig. 6. Deviatoric stress and volumetric strain versus axial strain
图 8 典型的粘滑运动过程中能量耗散与释放
Fig. 8. Energy dissipation and release of typical stick-slip motions
表 1 不同围压条件下试样的峰值强度和摩擦角
Table 1. Peak strengths and friction angles of glass beads within different cell pressures
编号 高度(mm) 直径(mm) 围压(kPa) 峰值强度(kPa) 内摩擦角(°) UU_D1 100 50 30 64.62 31.23 UU_D2 100 50 60 130.67 31.42 UU_D3 100 50 100 218.45 31.47 UU_D4 100 50 200 442.43 31.68 UU_D5 100 50 400 836.18 30.73 UU_D6 100 50 600 1299.31 31.32 
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表 2 不同围压条件下外力对试样所做的功
Table 2. The work of external force on the samples
试样编号 围压(kPa) 固结阶段做功(N·m) 加载阶段做功(N·m) 外力总功(N·m) UU_D1 30 0.002 1.469 1.471 UU_D2 60 0.034 2.170 2.203 UU_D3 100 0.207 5.571 5.778 UU_D4 200 0.457 11.147 11.604 UU_D5 400 7.311 23.214 30.525 UU_D6 600 11.638 37.879 49.517
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