Geochemical Characteristics, Sedimentary Environment and Tectonic Setting of Huangqikou Formation, Ordos Basin
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摘要: 鄂尔多斯盆地西南部及邻区沉积了一套以黄旗口组为代表的巨厚的中元古界碎屑岩系，该套地层具有重要的油气勘探潜力，但目前人们对该套地层的勘探认识尚不够深入，利用碎屑组分、主微量、稀土元素等地球化学手段，结合区域及深部背景特征，探讨了该套地层形成时期的沉积环境和构造背景.结果显示，黄旗口组整体形成于气候干燥的淡水氧化或富氧的过渡环境，沉积期古海水温度较高(平均为32 ℃)；黄旗口组碎屑组分及其主微量元素特征与东非裂谷区相似，加之其沉积于淡水环境，并具有自下段至上段石英砂岩含量逐渐增加的特征，表明研究区黄旗口组应处于陆内裂谷构造背景，自早至晚构造沉积环境日趋稳定，其中早期应为陆内裂谷环境，晚期可能变为坳陷环境，该构造背景的形成可能与华北克拉通逆时针旋转有关.Abstract: A set of ultra-thick Middle Proterozoic clastic sedimentary rocks deposited in and around southwestern Ordos basin, with the Huangqikou Formation(HKF) as the most typical one, has great potential for oil and gas exploration. However, our understanding of HKF needs to be enhanced. Thus, by means of main-trace, rare elements and detrital component method, we probed into the sedimentary environment and tectonic setting of the HKF. The sedimentary environment discrimination diagrams of both main and trace elements show that the HKF was deposited wholly under a dry environment with fresh water oxidized, or an oxygen-enriched environment, with an average paleoseawater temperature of 32 ℃. The tectonic environment discrimination diagrams of clastic composition, and main and trace elements all show similarity to those of the East African rift basin, and gradual increasing of the quartz sandstone content from the lower to the upper parts, suggesting that HKF deposited under an intracontinental rift tectonic-sedimentary setting, which may have been caused by the counterclockwise rotation of North China Craton. It is concluded that the HKF was deposited in an intracontinental rift basin in the fresh water, and the tectonic setting became more stable from early to late stage, which was intra-continental rift in the early stage and post-rift depression in the late one.
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Key words:
- Huangqikou Formation (HKF) /
- geochemistry /
- sedimentary environment /
- tectonic setting /
- Ordos basin
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图 1 鄂尔多斯地区黄旗口组地层分布及其厚度等值线
Fig. 1. Distribution and thickness isopach sketch of of Huangqikou Formation, Ordos area
图 2 鄂尔多斯地区黄旗口组岩石薄片
a.乌海桌子山黄旗口组石英砂岩薄片(ZZ-03)；b.固原闵家沟黄旗口组灰褐色泥岩(TS-01) 薄片
Fig. 2. Rock slice of Huangqikou Formation samples in Ordos area
图 3 lg(Fe2O3/K2O)-lg(SiO2/Al2O3)陆源砂岩-页岩分类
Fig. 3. Terrigenous sand-shale classification of lg(Fe2O3/K2O)-lg(SiO2/Al2O3)
图 4 黄旗口组V/Cr(a)、V/(V+Ni)(b)、Ni/Co(c)和U/Th(d)氧化还原环境判别
据Hatch and Leventhal(1992), Jones and Manning(1994)和Rimmer et al.(2004)
Fig. 4. Redox environment discriminations of V/Cr (a), V/(V+Ni) (b), Ni/Co (c) and U/Th (d) for Huangqikou Formation
图 5 黄旗口组Sr/Cu(a)、Fe/Mn(b)、Mg/Ca(c)比值和古气候环境判别与古水体温度曲线(d)
据Lerman and Baccini(1978)和袁海军和赵兵(2012)
Fig. 5. Paleoclimate environment discrimination of Sr/Cu (a), Fe/Mn (b), Mg/Ca (c) and ancient water temperature curve (d) for Huangqikou Formation in Ordos region
图 6 黄旗口组Sr/Ba(a)、Rb/K(b)、Sr含量(c)和Ni含量(d)海陆环境判别图
Fig. 6. Marine environment discrimination diagrams of Sr/Ba (a), Rb/K (b), Sr (c), and Ni (d) for Huangqikou Formation in Ordos region
图 7 黄旗口组主量元素构造沉积背景判别
a.K2O/Na2O-SiO2判别图解；b.F1-F2判别图解；c.TiO2-(Fe2O3+MgO)判别图解；d.Al2O3/SiO2-(Fe2O3+MgO)判别图解；e.K2O/Na2O-(Fe2O3+MgO)判别图解；f.Al2O3/(CaO+Na2O)-(Fe2O3+MgO)判别图解.AF.陆内裂谷扇沉积；LB.陆内裂谷湖相沉积；据Huntsman-Mapila et al.(2009).OIA.大洋岛弧；CIA.大陆岛弧；ACM.活动大陆边缘；PM.被动大陆边缘；据Bhatia(1983)
Fig. 7. Discriminate diagrams of tectonic-sedimentary background of major element for Huangqikou Formation in Ordos region
图 8 黄旗口组微量元素La-Th-Sc (a)、Th-Co-Zr/10 (b)、Th-Sc-Zr/10 (c)构造沉积背景判别三角图
A.大洋岛弧；B.大陆岛弧；C.活动大陆边缘；D.被动大陆边缘；据Bhatia and Crook(1986)
Fig. 8. Discriminant triangle diagrams of tectonic-sedimentary background of trace element (La-Th-Sc (a)、Th-Co-Zr/10 (b)、Th-Sc-Zr/10 (c)) for Huangqikou Formation in Ordos region
图 9 黄旗口组砂岩碎屑含量QFL三角图解
Q.石英；F.长石；L.岩屑；CB.大陆块；RO.再旋回造山带；DR.切割弧；TR.过渡弧；UR.末切割弧；据Dickinson et al.(1983)
Fig. 9. QFL ternary plot of sandstones petrofacies for Huangqikou Formation
表 1 鄂尔多斯地区黄旗口组样品主量元素(%)分析结果
Table 1. Analytical results of major elements (%) of Huangqikou Formation samples in Ordos area
样号 地点 样品名称 段 Al2O3 CaO Fe2O3 K2O MgO MnO Na2O P2O5 SiO2 TiO2 LOI K2O/Na2O Fe2O3/K2O CaO/MgO CIW SiO2/Al2O3 TS-03 固原炭山 泥质白云岩 上段 9.0 11.7 7.4 6.3 7.9 0.10 0.01 0.02 37.0 0.6 18.9 44.9 1.2 1.5 4.1 HT1-2-19 杭探1井 紫红色泥岩 上段 20.2 0.3 11.1 8.1 2.5 0.04 0.20 0.20 51.6 1.0 4.1 42.5 1.4 0.1 97.5 2.6 TS-01 固原炭山 褐色泥岩 上段 13.0 0.9 1.4 10.9 0.4 0.01 0.20 0.50 70.0 1.3 0.7 54.3 0.1 2.6 92.0 5.4 HT1-2-50 杭探1井 紫红色砂岩 上段 13.0 0.9 1.4 10.9 0.4 ＜0.01 0.20 0.50 70.0 1.3 2.5 39.6 0.6 0.5 96.5 4.2 HT1-3-40 杭探1井 紫红色砂岩 上段 16.0 0.4 5.0 7.9 0.8 ＜0.01 0.20 0.30 66.4 0.6 0.9 33.3 0.2 1.3 95.8 17.1 QY-07 千阳冯家山 灰白色石英岩 上段 5.2 0.1 0.7 3.7 0.1 ＜0.01 0.11 0.10 89.0 0.1 0.3 15.0 5.6 1.3 71.0 221.1 QY-08 贺兰山大武口 紫红色石英岩 上段 0.4 0.2 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.04 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 97.3 0.0 0.2 23.0 2.7 0.8 89.9 137.0 SZ-01 乌海桌子山 紫红色石英砂岩 上段 0.7 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.1 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.02 97.3 0.1 1.1 72.0 1.4 3.3 91.4 25.5 ZZ-01 杭探1井 紫红色砂岩 上段？ 1.0 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.2 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.02 95.7 0.1 0.7 58.0 1.2 3.4 63.6 97.7 HT1-4-13 杭探1井 紫红色砂岩 下段 6.5 0.3 1.6 3.9 0.3 0.02 0.10 0.20 85.4 0.4 2.3 25.2 0.5 0.3 95.6 7.4 HT1-4-5 杭探1井 紫红色砂岩 下段 10.7 0.3 2.3 4.5 1.1 ＜0.01 0.20 0.10 78.6 0.5 3.3 26.3 0.3 0.3 96.4 2.7 HL-01 贺兰山 紫红色杂砂岩 下段 22.2 0.5 2.1 8.4 1.8 0.02 0.30 0.30 59.7 0.7 0.3 37.0 1.5 4.0 96.5 24.3 HL-04 百寺口 灰白色杂砂岩 下段 3.8 0.1 1.1 0.7 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.02 92.7 0.1 2.7 1.6 1.6 0.7 82.0 5.3 ZZ-03 乌海桌子山 紫红色石英岩 下段 13.4 1.3 4.0 2.6 2.0 0.02 1.60 0.30 70.7 0.5 1.5 91.0 2.3 0.6 68.9 49.8 北美页岩平均(NASC) 17.0 3.6 - 4.0 2.9 0.10 1.10 0.10 64.8 0.7 3.5 1.3 78.0 3.8 UCC上地壳组成 15.2 4.2 5.0 3.4 2.2 0.10 3.90 0.20 66.0 0.7 0.9 1.5 1.9 65.2 4.3 注：“北美页岩平均(NASC)”引自 Gromet et al.(1984) ；“UCC上地壳组成”引自McLennan(2001)；LOI为烧失量，单位为%；CIW=100×Al2O3/(Al2O3+CaO+Na2O)，单位为%，引自Harnois(1988).
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表 2 鄂尔多斯地区黄旗口组样品微量元素(10-6)分析结果
Table 2. Analytical results of trace elements (10-6) of Huangqikou Formation samples in Ordos area
样号 地点 样品名称 段 Ca Co Cr Cu Ba Fe Mg Mn Rb Ni Sr Th U V V/Cr Ni/Co U/Th V/(V+Ni) Mg/Ca Sr/Cu Sr/Ba Fe/Mn T(℃) TS-03 固原炭山 白云岩 上段 8.15 6.2 36 6.6 220 5.1 4.9 452 89 29 92 12 3 67 1.9 4.7 0.2 0.7 0.6 14.0 0.4 0.01 30.8 HT1-2-19 杭探1井 紫红色泥岩 0.26 18.0 56 4.7 690 7.2 1.3 305 128 52 337 23 2 70 1.3 3.0 0.1 0.6 5.2 71.7 0.5 0.02 27.7 ZZ-01 乌海桌子山 紫红色砂岩 0.43 1.1 24 2.7 60 0.5 0.1 83 10 3 11 2 1 7 0.3 2.5 0.2 0.7 0.2 4.2 0.2 0.01 31.8 TS-01 固原炭山 褐色泥岩 0.65 0.8 26 4.0 410 0.9 0.2 43 52 2 76 15 3 48 1.8 2.5 0.2 1.0 0.3 19.0 0.2 0.02 31.0 HT1-2-50 杭探1井 紫红色砂岩 0.29 3.8 22 1.4 1 150 3.5 0.5 105 86 12 260 14 1 25 1.1 3.1 0.1 0.7 1.6 186.0 0.2 0.03 28.7 HT1-3-40 杭探1井 紫红色砂岩 0.12 0.4 9 0.7 330 0.4 0.1 44 67 2 93 7 1 5 0.6 5.8 0.2 0.7 0.4 132.0 0.3 0.01 30.8 QY-07 千阳冯家山 灰白色石英岩 0.18 3.2 32 6.3 60 0.6 0.1 311 6 9 8 0 0 8 0.3 2.7 1.0 0.5 0.6 1.3 0.1 0.00 31.8 QY-08 紫红色石英岩 0.06 1.2 21 3.2 90 0.5 0.1 28 8 5 27 1 1 10 0.5 3.9 1.4 0.7 1.0 8.3 0.3 0.02 31.6 SZ-01 贺兰山大武口 紫红色石英砂岩 0.26 2.9 26 2.1 130 0.7 0.1 93 22 7 19 6 1 19 0.7 2.3 0.1 0.7 0.2 8.9 0.1 0.01 31.7 HT1-4-13 杭探1井 紫红色砂岩 下段 0.24 3.0 16 0.7 820 1.5 0.6 84 115 8 151 7 1 13 0.8 2.5 0.1 0.6 2.6 215.0 0.2 0.02 30.0 HT1-4-5 杭探1井 紫红色砂岩 0.32 6.7 97 1.3 930 1.3 0.9 86 135 16 237 13 2 46 0.5 2.4 0.1 0.7 2.8 182.0 0.3 0.01 29.0 HL-01 紫红色杂砂岩 贺兰山百寺口 0.09 0.2 20 0.6 20 0.8 0.0 33 9 2 77 3 0 4 0.2 10.0 0.1 0.7 0.2 129.0 3.9 0.02 31.0 HL-04 灰白色杂砂岩 0.97 4.7 150 13.0 290 2.7 1.2 204 137 17 99 6 2 66 0.4 3.6 0.3 0.8 1.2 7.5 0.3 0.01 30.7 ZZ-03 乌海桌子山 灰白色石英岩 0.63 4.8 34 8.9 90 1.5 0.8 139 8 7 52 4 2 13 0.4 1.4 0.6 0.7 1.2 5.8 0.6 0.01 31.3
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