Characteristics and Genetic Mechanism of Tight Sandstone Reservoirs of Lower Crataceous in North Yellow Sea Basin
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摘要: 北黄海盆地是我国近海勘探及研究程度均较低的中新生代叠合断陷盆地，下白垩统砂岩储层是主要的勘探目的层段，储层致密是制约该区油气勘探的“瓶颈”之一.通过岩心观察、薄片分析、扫描电镜观测、压汞分析、物性统计等研究，对北黄海盆地东部坳陷下白垩统的储层特征进行了研究，从沉积、成岩、埋藏史等方面对其致密化成因进行了探讨.结果表明，下白垩统储层以扇三角洲沉积为主，物性总体较差，属于特低孔特低渗的致密砂岩储层，储集空间主要有粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔、微裂缝等次生孔隙，属孔隙—裂缝双孔介质储层，孔隙结构复杂.该储层特征主要受沉积相带、成岩作用及埋藏史等因素控制，储层砂体以长石岩屑砂岩、岩屑长石砂岩为主，成分及结构成熟度中等，原始储层物性差，高含量的塑性岩屑不利于原生孔隙的保存，沉积物粒度决定微裂缝的发育程度.成岩作用起主导作用，受早期深埋—中期抬升剥蚀—晚期再次深埋的这一特定埋藏过程影响，早期强烈压实，后期石英自生加大、方解石胶结、自生矿物晶出等胶结作用导致储层整体致密.长石的溶蚀和粘土化促进了次生孔隙的形成，但烃类充注时间晚、酸性流体活动弱，溶蚀作用受到抑制.后期构造作用产生的微裂隙则是改善储层物性的另一重要作用.Abstract: North Yellow Sea Basin is a typical Meso-Cenozoic superimposed fault basin, which has undergone few exploration and research in the offshore of China. The sandstone reservoirs of Lower Crataceous are the main exploration targets, but reservoirs tightness is the "bottleneck" which restricts the exploration activity in North Yellow Sea Basin. By core observation, thin section analysis, scanning scanning electron microscope observation, mercury penetration analysis, porosity and permeability statistics, the reservoirs characteristics of Lower Crataceous in eastern depression in North Yellow Sea Basin were researched in this paper. According to deposition, diagenesis, burial history, and so on, the origin mechanism of tightness of the reservoirs was analyzed. The results show that the sedimentary facies type of reservoirs is mainly fan delta. Reservoir physical properties are poor, belonging to extra-low porosity and extra-low permeability tight sandstone reservoirs. Main reservoir spaces are corrosion pores between grains or in grains and a few micro-fractures. The reservoir belongs to dual porosity reservoirs with pores and fractures, and the pore structure is complex. The reservoirs characteristics are controlled by sedimentary facies zone, diagenesis and burial history. The reservoir lithology is mainly feldspathic lithic sandstone and lithic feldspathic sandstone, which have medium textural maturity and compositional maturity, resulting in poor initial reservoir quality. The high content of plastic debris is not conducive to the preservation of primary porosity. The grain size of sediment affects the development of micro-fractures. The diagenesis predominates in the reservoirs tightness. The diagenetic process is decided by the burial history, which includes early deep burial, middle uplift denudation, and later deep burial. The reservoirs tightness is mainly caused by intense compaction in early phase and cementation in later phase, such as quartz increase, calcite cementation, and spontaneous mineral crystal. Feldspar corrosion and inverting kaolinite facilitate the formation of secondary porosity. The late of hydrocarbon injection causes the weak acid fluid activity, which inhibits dissolution. Fractures without displacement in later phase improve partly the reservoir property.
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Key words:
- North Yellow Sea basin /
- Lower Crataceous /
- tight sandstone reservoirs /
- sedimentology
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图 1 北黄海盆地地理位置及构造区划分
据刘振湖等(2007)，略修改
Fig. 1. Geographic location and geotectonic map of North Yellow Sea basin
图 2 北黄海盆地东部坳陷下白垩统沉积相分布(深度单位：m)
Fig. 2. Sedimentary facies of Lower Crataceous in the eastern depression of North Yellow Sea basin
图 4 下白垩统储层孔隙类型
a.粒间溶孔，(-)，NYS2井，2 292.98 m，含砾长石粗砂岩；b.粒间溶孔，(-)，NYS1井，2 420.80 m，含砾粗砂岩；c.粒内溶孔，(-)，NYS2井，2 295.10 m，砂质砾岩；d.微裂缝，(-)，NYS4井，2 219.80 m，砂质砾岩；e.微裂缝，(-)，NYS3井，3 049.75 m，含钙砂质砾岩；f.微裂缝，(-)，NYS1井，2 334.65 m，含白云粉砂质泥岩；g.长石沿解理溶蚀形成粒间溶孔及微裂缝，SEM，NYS1井，2 340.95 m，砂质砾岩；h.方解石表面溶蚀形成洞穴状孔隙(直径＜5 μm)，SEM，NYS4井，2 392.00 μm，钙质细砂岩；i.伊/蒙混层粘土矿物呈弯片状，形成不规则状或蜂窝状微孔隙，SEM，NYS1井，2 552.30 m，砂质泥岩；j.粒间溶孔(约50 μm×200 μm)，SEM，NYS2井，2 307.80 m，砂质砾岩；k.碎屑间胶结物存在微孔隙，SEM，NYS3井，2 960.80 m，含砾粗砂岩；l.粒间孔隙，SEM，NYS1井，2 337.40 m，含钙细砂岩
Fig. 4. Pore types of Lower Crataceous reservoir
图 5 下白垩统不同岩性的孔渗分布直方图
Fig. 5. Porosity and permeability distribution histogram in different lithology of Lower Crataceous reservoir
图 6 下白垩统典型成岩现象
a.颗粒将云母压断，(+)，NYS3井，3 044.80 m，含砾中粗砂岩；b.颗粒凸凹接触，(+)，NYS3井，2 961.50 m，含砾粗砂岩；c.刚性颗粒破碎，(-)，NYS3井，3 048.50 m，砾岩；d.石英次生加大和长石粘土化，(+)，NYS1井，2 340.25 m，长石粗砂岩；e.方解石重结晶，(+)，NYS3井，3 081.80 m，砾岩；f.孔隙中自生方解石及白云石晶出，(+)，NYS1井，2 544.70 m，含砾中-粗砂岩；g.方解石多次自生加大，(-)，NYS2井，2 295.10 m，钙质细-中砂岩；h.长石高岭土化，(-)，NYS1井，2 335.80 m，含钙中-粗砂岩；i.孔隙中的自生碳酸盐矿物，(-)，NYS1井，2 546.30 m，砂质砾岩
Fig. 6. Typical diagenesis of Lower Crataceous reservoir
图 7 NYS2井下白垩统储层埋藏史与孔隙演化
Fig. 7. Burial history and pore evolution of Lower Crataceous reservoir of Well NYS2
表 1 部分井下白垩统储层孔隙结构实测参数统计
Table 1. Statistics of measured parameters of pore structure in Lower Crataceous reservoir in partial wells
井名 孔隙度
(%)渗透率
(×10-3 μm2)中值压力
(MPa)排驱压力
(MPa)最大孔喉半径
(μm)中值孔喉半径
(μm)样品数 NYS1井 $\frac{{{\rm{4}}{\rm{.2}} \sim {\rm{14}}{\rm{.9}}}}{{{\rm{8}}{\rm{.08}}}}$ $\frac{{{\rm{0}} \sim {\rm{7}}{\rm{.8}}}}{{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.38}}}}$ $\frac{{{\rm{4}}{\rm{.67}} \sim {\rm{28}}{\rm{.48}}}}{{{\rm{13}}{\rm{.63}}}}$ $ \frac{{0.31 \sim 19.64}}{{{\rm{3}}{\rm{.43}}}}$ $\frac{{0.037 \sim 2.363}}{{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.66}}}}$ $ \frac{{0.025 \sim 0.516}}{{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.18}}}}$ 40 NYS2井 $ \frac{{2.4 \sim 11.2}}{{{\rm{7}}{\rm{.53}}}}$ $ \frac{{0 \sim 6.7}}{{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.54}}}}$ $ \frac{{5.38 \sim 20.85}}{{{\rm{9}}{\rm{.36}}}}$ $ \frac{{0.52 \sim 14.72}}{{{\rm{3}}{\rm{.71}}}}$ $ \frac{{0.05 \sim 1.41}}{{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.59}}}}$ $ \frac{{0.03 \sim 0.41}}{{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.18}}}}$ 11 NYS3井 $ \frac{{2.4 \sim 12.0}}{{{\rm{4}}{\rm{.7}}}}$ $ \frac{{0.03 \sim 46.15}}{{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.96}}}}$ $ \frac{{3.15 \sim 33.27}}{{{\rm{22}}{\rm{.75}}}}$ $ \frac{{0.54 \sim 5.33}}{{{\rm{1}}{\rm{.57}}}}$ $ \frac{{0.138 \sim 3.847}}{{{\rm{1}}{\rm{.24}}}}$ $ \frac{{0.022 \sim 0.233}}{{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.066}}}}$ 7 NYS4井 $ \frac{{1.1 \sim 7.5}}{{{\rm{5}}{\rm{.12}}}}$ $ \frac{{0.02 \sim 0.27}}{{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.14}}}}$ $ \frac{{0.21 \sim 11.14}}{{{\rm{10}}{\rm{.28}}}}$ $ \frac{{0.69 \sim 1.40}}{{{\rm{1}}{\rm{.04}}}}$ $ \frac{{0.53 \sim 1.06}}{{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.75}}}}$ $ \frac{{0.21 \sim 0.41}}{{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.29}}}}$ 5 注：分子为主要区间值，分母为平均值. 
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