Origin and Geochemical Characteristics of Dolomites in the Middle Permian Formation, SW Sichuan Basin, China
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摘要: 白云岩储层是碳酸盐岩油气领域的研究热点.在分析白云岩优质储层孔-洞-缝演化过程中，白云岩成因是重要的研究内容.以四川盆地西南间断出露的中二叠统栖霞组地层为研究对象，采用岩相学、X粉晶衍射及地球化学方法，讨论白云岩成因.白云岩野外发育于断裂破碎带周围，透镜状产出，多呈斑马纹状构造.显微镜下白云石鉴定为鞍状白云石.此外，白云岩具有较高的白云石有序度，地球化学特征则表现为明显偏负的氧同位素值和高锶同位素值.综合地质资料分析，白云岩为构造热液白云岩化成因.Abstract: The dolomite reservoir plays an important role in the research of carbonate oil and gas reservoirs. The origin of dolomite is an integral component in analyzing the evolution of pore-cave-fracture system in high-quality dolomite reservoirs. The dolomites of Middle Permian Qixia Formation, SW Sichuan basin were studied in this paper by the method of petrology and geochemical analyses aiming at the discovery of the origin of dolomites. The dolomites are mainly controlled by fault zones, associated with zebra fabric. The dolomite fabrics exhibit non-planar saddle crystals and strongly undulose extinctions. In addition, the high degree of order is found in hydrothermal dolomites. The geochemical characteristics of saddle dolomites show noticeable negative δ18OPDB and an enrichment of strontium isotopes. In the end, the dolomites have been proved to be the product of structurally controlled hydrothermal dolomitization on the basis of comprehensive geologic research.
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Key words:
- SW of Sichuan basin /
- Middle Permian /
- Qixia Formation /
- hydrothermal dolomite /
- geochemistry
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图 2 四川盆地西南张村地区综合柱状图
Fig. 2. Generalized stratigraphic column for Zhangcun, SW of Sichuan basin
图 3 四川盆地西南张村野外典型岩石现象
a.生物碎屑灰岩，发育珊瑚、介形虫、腕足，生物碎屑呈破碎状(ZC-P2q-8)；b.深灰色中细晶白云岩，发育斑纹状构造，乳白色鞍状白云石脉(0.3 cm×4.0 cm)穿切白云岩，脉体内部留剩余空间(ZC-P2q-6)；c.围岩为深灰色中细晶白云岩，围岩呈机械性破碎状，乳白色极粗晶鞍状白云石脉(长5~6 cm，宽约1 cm)穿切白云岩，自行石英晶簇(0.5 cm×0.5 cm×1 cm) (ZC-P2q-12)；d.灰白色中粗晶白云岩，呈砂糖状，孔隙发育(ZC-P2q-4)；e.构造破碎带(ZC-P2q-12)；f.构造破碎带局部放大，围岩为深灰色中细晶白云岩，白色矿物为鞍状白云石(ZC-P2q-12)；g.围岩为深灰色中细晶白云岩，机械性孔隙，显示脆性破裂过程，乳白色鞍状白云石脉体穿切围岩，自形石英晶簇位于破碎晶洞内部，岩石相应的孔隙度和渗透率会增大(ZC-P2q-16)；h.围岩为深灰色中细晶白云岩，白云石晶间焦沥青代表有机质因热蚀变发生的强迫成熟和过成熟(ZC-P2q-15)
Fig. 3. Photographs of field investigation from middle Permian Formation, Zhangcun, SW of Sichuan basin
图 4 四川盆地西南张村碳酸盐岩显微薄片
a.生屑灰岩，生屑有腹足类、珊瑚等，生屑多为亮晶方解石，粒间为泥晶胶结，孔隙不发育，栖霞组，单偏光(ZC-P2q-10)；b.中-细晶白云岩(MD1)，晶体大小在200 μm以下，后期充填有鞍形白云石脉体(SD).鞍形白云石形态明显，脉体顺缝壁向中心生长，剩余空间少，栖霞组，单偏光(ZC-P2q-18)；c.中-粗晶白云岩，可分出中晶基质白云岩(MD1) 及粗晶、巨晶基质白云岩(MD2)，晶体呈非平直晶面半自形晶，晶体表明较脏，栖霞组，单偏光(ZC-P2q-12)；d.中-粗晶白云岩，与c为同一视域，波状消光，正交偏光(ZC-P2q-12)；e.鞍状白云石，晶体大小0.5 mm×1 mm，呈鞍状、叶片状，双晶纹弯曲，栖霞组，单偏光(ZC-P2q-19)；f.鞍状白云石，与e为同一视域，波状消光，栖霞组，正交偏光(ZC-P2q-19)
Fig. 4. Thin-section photographs from middle Permian Formation, Zhangcun, SW of Sichuan basin
图 5 四川盆地不同地区中二叠统碳酸盐岩碳-氧同位素关系
川西南张村为本研究；川中广参2井据陈轩等(2012)；川北峡沟煤矿剖面据舒晓辉等(2012)；二叠纪同期海水据Korte et al.(2005)
Fig. 5. Stable isotope values for samples from middle Permian Formation, Sichuan basin
图 6 四川盆地不同地区二叠统高温白云岩和低温白云岩碳氧同位素关系
川西南张村为本研究；川西南钻井(汉深1井及周公1井)据陈轩等(2013)；川中广参2井据陈轩等(2012)；川北峡沟煤矿剖面据舒晓辉等(2012)；汉深1井、川北矿2井和川北长江沟剖面据王春梅(2011)
Fig. 6. Stable isotope values for dolomites from Permian Formation, Sichuan basin
图 8 川西南张村中二叠统构造热液白云岩化模式
Fig. 8. The model of hydrothermal dolomite from middle Permian Formation, Zhangcun, SW of Sichuan basin
表 1 四川盆地西南张村中二叠统碳酸盐岩碳、氧、锶同位素地球化学综合数据
Table 1. The data for C, O, Sr isotopes from middle Permian Formation, Zhangcun, SW of Sichuan basin
样品号 岩性描述 87Sr/86Sr δ18OPDB(‰) δ13CPDB(‰) ZC-P2q-18 深灰色中-细晶白云岩 0.709 305±4 -10.14 3.26 ZC-P2q-17-SD 乳白色鞍形白云石 0.708 828±5 -11.82 3.81 ZC-P2q-15(2) 深灰色细晶白云岩 0.708 010±9 -10.22 4.07 ZC-P2q-15(1) 深灰色细晶白云岩 0.708 128±3 -11.50 4.48 ZC-P2q-15-SD 乳白色鞍形白云石 - -11.48 4.58 ZC-P2q-14 灰质白云岩 0.707 237±3 -9.68 4.42 ZC-P2q-13 生物碎屑灰岩 0.707 159±6 -8.63 3.61 ZC-P2q-13CF 生物碎屑灰岩 0.707 145±4 -8.58 3.52 ZC-P2q-12(2) 灰白色中-粗晶白云岩 0.708 299±6 -12.16 3.84 ZC-P2q-12(1) 灰白色中-粗晶白云岩 0.708 308±5 -12.25 4.03 ZC-P2q-12CF 灰白色中-粗晶白云岩 - -12.41 4.22 ZC-P2q-12-SD 乳白色鞍形白云石 0.710 464±4 -11.87 4.00 ZC-P2q-10 生物碎屑灰岩 0.707 295±6 -6.98 4.12 ZC-P2q-8 生物碎屑灰岩 0.707 272±5 -8.58 4.45 ZC-P2q-6-SD 乳白色鞍形白云石 - -11.06 4.03 ZC-P2q-6(2) 灰白色中-粗晶白云岩 0.711 259±6 -11.18 3.99 ZC-P2q-6(1) 灰白色中-粗晶白云岩 0.711 060±9 -11.15 3.94 ZC-P2q-5 生物碎屑灰岩 0.707 315±4 -8.62 4.19 ZC-P2q-4-SD2 乳白色鞍形白云石 0.711 515±5 -10.83 3.96 ZC-P2q-4-SD1 乳白色鞍形白云石 0.712 303±4 -11.08 3.94 ZC-P2q-4(2) 深灰色中-细晶白云岩 0.710 439±7 -11.13 3.93 ZC-P2q-4(1) 深灰色中-细晶白云岩 0.709 951±6 -11.23 3.74 ZC-P2q-3 灰白色中-粗晶白云岩 - -10.81 3.63 注：ZC.张村；CF.重复样；-.未测. 
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